tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-34607152452618398032024-03-05T00:10:41.492-08:00Kriegsmarine: The Forgotten ServiceAt the beginning of the war, the German navy consisted of 79,000 men, 2 battleships, 3 pocket battleships (small, fast, strongly constructed battleships), 1 heavy cruiser, 6 light cruisers, and 33 destroyers and torpedo boats. Fewer than half of the 57 U-boats available were suitable for Atlantic operations.Mitch Williamsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14692138354674511017noreply@blogger.comBlogger55125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3460715245261839803.post-5135763903925501272016-12-31T06:53:00.000-08:002016-03-10T11:56:30.865-08:00~~Kriegsmarine~~<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<h3 style="text-align: center;">
<i>'Scharnhorst immer voran' ('Ever onwards')</i></h3>
Under Adolf Hitler, Germany embarked on a program to rebuild its navy
on a global scale. The German navy (Kriegsmarine) began this major
effort after the signing of the Anglo- German Naval Treaty in June 1935.
The goal was creation of a balanced fleet that would serve as the core
of a future bluewater navy dominated by battleships. This Z Plan
envisioned a powerful fleet that would one day challenge Britain and the
United States for world naval mastery.<br />
<br />
In 1938, Hitler’s aggressive foreign policy forced the navy to consider
the possibility of a future naval war against Great Britain. The navy’s
commander, Grand Admiral Erich Raeder, designed a strategy to attack
the British sea-lanes. His proposal to build ships more suited to a
commerce war, including additional U-boats, was rejected by Hitler, who
was intent on building a battleship-dominated navy that would serve as
an instrument of political and military force commensurate with a world
power. Shortages of resources contributed to delays in naval
construction, and Raeder’s blind confidence in the Führer’s diplomatic
successes and promises that war would not come before 1942 or 1943 found
the navy unprepared for war in September 1939.<br />
<br />
One indisputable advantage the Kriegsmarine enjoyed was a cadre of
excellent commanders, from the top down, and the luxury of relative
freedom from the meddling of Hitler, who saw himself as a land-based
warrior and tended to leave naval matters to the experts. Naval high
command was the Oberkommando der Marine (OKM) headquartered in Berlin.
Reporting to the OKM were Naval Group Command East, Naval Group Command
West, Naval Station North Sea, and Naval Station Baltic. Two additional
naval stations controlled coastal defense and training. The fleet was
distributed as required among these commands. It was divided into the
High Seas Fleet, the Security Forces, and the U-boat Fleet. The High
Seas Fleet encompassed all major surface ships. The Security Forces
controlled coastal defense, convoy escorts, antisubmarine forces, and
minesweeping forces. The U-boat Fleet experienced explosive growth
during the war and became the dominant arm of the Kriegsmarine.<br />
<br />
At the beginning of the war, the German navy consisted of 79,000 men, 2
battleships, 3 pocket battleships (small, fast, strongly constructed
battleships), 1 heavy cruiser, 6 light cruisers, and 33 destroyers and
torpedo boats. Fewer than half of the 57 U-boats available were suitable
for Atlantic operations. In spite of Raeder’s initial pessimism that
the navy could only “die gallantly,” thereby creating the foundations
for a future fleet, he intended to carry out an aggressive naval
strategy that would attack British sea communications on a global basis
using his concept of diversion and concentration in operational areas of
his own choosing and timing. Raeder persistently argued with Hitler
that only total economic warfare against England could have a decisive
impact.<br />
<br />
Hitler’s restrictions on naval operations, particularly on the U-boats,
frustrated Raeder’s attempts to seize the initiative and achieve early
successes. In late 1939, concerned that the British were planning to
invade Norway, Raeder instigated planning for the successful German
occupation of Norway and Denmark (Operation WESERÜBUNG). This April 1940
operation was for the navy its “feat of arms”—justifying its
contribution to the war effort and future existence. Although the navy
did secure important port facilities for surface raiders and U-boats in
Norway as well as the shipping route for iron ore from Sweden, it also
suffered substantial losses in the operation in the form of 3 cruisers
and 10 destroyers. In June, with the defeat of France, the navy acquired
additional ports on the Atlantic and Bay of Biscay for surface ships
and submarines. But the navy also now had to protect an extended
coastline from occupied France to Scandinavia. From 1940 to 1943,
Germany also sent to sea 9 armed auxiliary cruisers.<br />
<br />
Raeder’s intent to prove the worth of the surface fleet, in particular
the battleships, led him to demand of his commanders that they take
risks yet avoid unnecessary combat that could lead to losses. Two fleet
commanders lost their jobs when they failed to exhibit the necessary
aggressiveness. The scuttling of the pocket battleship Graf Spee in
December 1939 and Hitler’s displeasure over this loss further reinforced
the inherent contradictions in Raeder’s orders to strike boldly but
avoid damage to the navy’s own ships. With new battleships Bismarck and
Tirpitz joining the fleet, Raeder envisioned a new phase of the Atlantic
surface battle, with task forces that would engage Allied convoys
protected by capital ships.<br />
<br />
In an effort to prove the value of the battleships, Raeder pressed the
Bismarck into service before the other battleships were available for
action. Her loss in May 1941 represented the end of the surface war in
the Atlantic and Hitler’s increasing interference in the use of
Germany’s remaining capital ships. Unable to achieve the conditions for a
cross-Channel invasion (Operation SEA LION) in September 1940, Raeder
tried to divert Hitler from his plans to attack the Soviet Union. Raeder
advocated an alternative strategy in the Mediterranean to defeat
Britain first, especially given the growing cooperation between that
nation and the United States. After the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor,
Raeder saw an opportunity to link up with the Japanese in the Indian
Ocean and use the French African colonies and the Atlantic islands of
Portugal and Spain to expand the bases for a long-term war against the
Anglo-American naval forces in the Atlantic. These plans never
materialized, as the war against the Soviet Union faltered and Germany
was forced to come to the aid of Italy and secure its southern flank in
the Balkans.<br />
<br />
Nervous about British threats to Norway and Allied support to the
Soviets in the north, Hitler ordered that the two battleships in
Brest—the Gneisenau and Scharnhorst—and the heavy cruiser Prinz Eugen be
either moved to Norway or scrapped. The “Channel dash” in February 1942
was a tactical success but a strategic defeat for the navy. With the
fleet relegated to Norway as a “fleet-in-being,” the U-boat arm, under
the command of Admiral Karl Dönitz, continued its role as the navy’s
primary weapon. The lack of Luftwaffe support, though, continued to
seriously hamper all operations. The navy never resolved the issue of
whether the U-boat war was a “tonnage” war or a commerce war in which
U-boats attacked targets that had the greatest potential for a decisive
impact. Dönitz continued to argue that all resources should go to the
U-boat war and disagreed with the diversion of U-boats to other theaters
such as the Mediterranean or to the defense of Norway.<br />
<br />
In late December 1942, the failure of the Hipper and Lützow to close
with a weakly defended convoy in the Barents Sea (Operation RAINBOW) led
an angry Hitler to attack Raeder and the surface fleet. Raeder
resigned, and Dönitz succeeded him. Although Dönitz was determined to
prosecute the submarine war ruthlessly, as with the surface fleet, the
defeat of the U-boats in May 1943 resulted from Allied technology and
successes in code-breaking that reflected the shortcomings in the naval
leadership and military structure of the Third Reich. As the military
situation of Germany deteriorated, the navy provided support to the
army, particularly in the Baltic, where it conducted a massive and
highly successful evacuation effort of troops and civilians.<br />
<br />
In sharp contrast to the navy’s collapse after World War I, the German
navy during World War II enforced strict discipline until the end. In
April 1945, Hitler named a loyal Dönitz as his heir and successor.<br />
<br />
<b>Further reading:</b> Jackson, Robert. Kriegsmarine: The
Illustrated History of the German Navy in World War II. Osceola, Wis.:
MBI Publishing, 2001; Showell, J. P. German Navy in World War Two: An
Illustrated Guide to the Kriegsmarine, 1920–1945. Annapolis, Md.: Naval
Institute Press, 1979; Showell, J. P. The German Navy in World War Two: A
reference Guide to the Kriegsmarine, 1935–1945. London: Arms &
Armour Press, 1979; Stern, Robert C. Kriegsmarine: A Pictorial History
of the German Navy, 1935–1945. Carrollton, Tex.: Squadron/Signal
Publications, 1979; Tarrant, V. E. The Last Year of the Kriegsmarine:
May 1944–May 1945. Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 1994. Bird,
Keith W. German Naval History: A Guide to the Literature. New York:
Garland, 1985. Blair, Clay. Hitler’s U-Boat War. 2 vols. New York:
Random House, 1996, 1998. Howarth, Stephen, and Derek Law, eds. The
Battle of the Atlantic, 1939–1945. London and Annapolis, MD: Greenhill
Books and Naval Institute Press, 1994. Militärgeschtliches
Forschungsamt. Das Deutsche Reich und der Zweite Weltkrieg (Germany and
the Second World War). Trans. Dean S. McMurrey, Edwald Osers, and Louise
Wilmott. 7 vols. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press, 1990–2001. Salewski,
Michael. Die Deutsche Seekriegsleitung 1935–1945. 3 vols. Munich, West
Germany: Bernard and Graefe, 1970–1975.Mitch Williamsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14692138354674511017noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3460715245261839803.post-33061785851690845782016-10-26T08:31:00.002-07:002016-10-26T08:31:52.237-07:00Kriegsmarine Cruiser Warfare<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<b>Hipper</b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b> </b></div>
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<br />
As Operation Sealion petered out during the autumn of 1940, Admiral Raeder and his colleagues in the Kriegsmarine began to focus on the kind of warfare they believed in. Following the damage sustained in the spring of 1940, a sense of optimism was renewed when many ships returned from the shipyards. Among the ships expected to be fully serviceable soon were the battleships Gneisenau and Scharnhorst. They had formed a task force during the attack on Norway in April 1940, when Admiral Marschall had been in command. If sent to the Atlantic together, they would form a powerful group, menacing British merchant shipping. The long winter nights would also improve chances of them being able to break out undetected into the Atlantic. Finally Raeder could embark on the large-scale warfare against merchant shipping that he had advocated for so long. His intention was not only to sink merchant ships; Raeder hoped that the countermeasures that the Royal Navy would be forced to take would also disrupt British trade.<br /><br />
<br />
The German Navy had deployed surface ships against British merchant shipping since spring 1940, but these were not regular warships. Instead, the Germans had employed Hilfkreuzer—armed merchant ships not unlike the British Rawalpindi. By fitting the weapons behind doors and other forms of cover, they could be effectively disguised, yet quickly made ready to fire on prey as it appeared. Mostly, the ships sailed under false colours, to avoid recognition.<br />
<br />
<br />
Their combat capabilities were far too low to engage regular warships and the German Navy did not expect any grand achievements from them. However, by sailing outside normal convoy routes, the Hilfzkreuzer could search for merchant ships sailing alone, approach disguised and when they had approached close enough, sink or capture them. Usually the Germans preferred to employ their armed merchant ship in areas like the Indian Ocean and the South Atlantic, where many ships sailed unescorted. Protected convoys were left to the regular German warships, which had not appeared in the Atlantic since the autumn of 1939.<br /><br />
<br />
The first German warship to reach the Atlantic Ocean in 1940 was the pocket battleship Admiral Scheer. She had been at Wilhelmshaven when the war broke out, as she needed a major overhaul. Her antiaircraft artillery shot down a Wellington bomber while she was at the yard, but otherwise she took no part in combat during the first year of the war. When she was at last fully refitted, her crew needed training to attain combat readiness. She was sent to the Baltic for a month of intensive exercise, before finally being declared ready for operations. On 23 October, 1940 she weighed anchor at Gdynia and steered west on the Baltic. After passing Denmark, she sailed north. Undetected she continued towards the Atlantic and a week after departing from Gdynia, she passed through the Denmark Strait between Greenland and Iceland. The first phase, regarded as the most difficult part of the operation by the Germans, had been successfully completed. The Admiral Scheer could begin searching for prey.<br /><br />
<br />
She did not have to wait long. Early on 5 November she discovered the lone Mopan and promptly sank her. A few hours later the lookouts on board the Admiral Scheer caught sight of an even more tempting quarry, the convoy HX84—a British convoy numbering no less than 37 merchant ships. The escort consisted of only a single ship, the armed merchant ship Jervis Bay. Since the sun was about to set, the commander on board Jervis Bay, Captain Edward Fegen, decided to accept battle with the Admiral Scheer, hoping that the convoy could scatter and as many merchant ships as possible disappear in darkness before the German ship got too close. Fegen’s decision doomed his ship. The battle was hopelessly uneven. A sailor in the convoy thought the action resembled a bulldog attacking a bear. The 40 year old, 152mm guns fitted to Jervis Bay did not even have the range needed to successfully engage the German warship.<br />
<br />
<br />
Nevertheless, the British fired incessantly, while laying smoke to protect the ships of the convoy. The battle could only end in one way and after 24 minutes it was over. The Jervis Bay had become a burning wreck. Admiral Scheer sank five merchant ships and another three were damaged, but the rest of the convoy escaped. Later, 65 men from the gallant crew of the Jervis Bay were saved by the Swedish freighter Stureholm.<br /><br />
<br />
A few uneventful days followed, until on 12 November Admiral Scheer met with the tanker Eurofeld and the supply ship Nordmark. A few days were spent bunkering diesel oil and taking on supplies. Also, 68 prisoners from the Mopan were transferred to the supply ship, before the Admiral Scheer resumed her search for prey. The results were not impressive. After almost a month had passed, she had only been able to add another two ships to her tally. Again, the pocket battleship met with the supply ship to bunker. On this occasion, the opportunity was used to perform some maintenance on her diesel engines, before the Admiral Scheer set course for the southern Atlantic on 15 December.<br /><br />
<br />
While the Admiral Scheer operated in the Atlantic, the heavy cruiser Admiral Hipper was prepared for the same purpose. In fact, she had sailed already on 24 September, with the intention of reaching the Atlantic, but before passing the Skagerrak she had problems with her machines. She was forced to return to Germany and spent two months in the yard, until she was finally fit again. On 30 November she left harbour, commanded by Captain Wilhelm Meisel, to attack convoys in the Atlantic. The operation was called Nordseetour. At first she searched in vain for Allied shipping and had to survive extremely bad weather. Problems with her machinery ensued, but they could at least be temporarily repaired. The Admiral Hipper bunkered fuel oil from German supply ships, first on 12 December, then on 16 and 22 December, but after three weeks at sea not a single enemy ship had been seen. However, on the night before Christmas Eve, her radar finally picked up an echo. She had found the British troop convoy WS5A about 600 miles west of Cape Finistere. Unlike HX84, which had been attacked by Admiral Scheer seven weeks earlier, the WS5A was escorted by regular British warships: the heavy cruiser Berwick and a few smaller ships. Captain Meisel did not become aware of the British escort, and shadowed the convoy with the intention of attacking it after dawn. While it still was dark, Meisel closed the distance to the convoy and fired a number of torpedoes, but none hit. The German commander was not deterred and pursued his intention to attack at dawn, this time relying on his guns. Almost immediately the lookouts on the Admiral Hipper found the Berwick. Meisel decided to attack the British cruiser. In the ensuing battle, Berwick was damaged and forced to withdraw from the battle, but enough time had passed to allow the convoy to scatter and all merchant ships evaded the Admiral Hipper. The German cruiser had not been hit, but nevertheless Meisel decided to break off the operation and steer towards Brest. His decision was based mainly on the defects in the machinery, which he wanted to correct. On Christmas Day the lone freighter Dumma was found and sunk. It was the only success scored by the Admiral Hipper during Operation Nordseetour. She reached Brest on 27 December.<br />
<br />
<br />Operation Nordseetour and the battle between the Admiral Hipper and the Berwick exposed shortcomings in the German Navy’s concept of cruiser warfare. Although the German ship came out unscathed, the action had certainly put her at risk. When encountering an escort of equal strength, the German ship might at least suffer damage and impaired mobility. This was a serious risk, considering the kind of warfare Raeder intended to conduct.<br />
<br />
<br />On the very day the Admiral Hipper reached Brest, a meeting took place in Berlin, attended by Hitler, Raeder and a few other high ranking naval officers. The German Navy was already planning for the Admiral Hipper’s next voyage and Hitler wanted to know the purpose. Raeder explained that the Admiral Hipper was only to attack enemy supply lines, concentrating on the convoys as the main target but avoiding the escorts. She should only accept battle with the escort if it was clearly inferior in armament. Hitler concurred. It is possible that this discussion resulted from discontentment with Meisel’s decision to engage a British heavy cruiser.<br />
<br />
<br />The Admiral Scheer spent the last weeks of 1940 without much drama. The only exception was on 18 December, when her floatplane found the refrigerator ship Duquesa, which carried food, including about 15 million eggs and 3,000 tons of meat. She was captured and her cargo came in handy for the German ships operating in the Atlantic. In addition to the Admiral Scheer and the Admiral Hipper, the armed merchant ships Thor and Pinguin, several blockade runners and captured ships were also operating in the Atlantic. The Duquesa supplied several German ships with food, before she was finally sunk after two months.<br />While the Admiral Scheer and Admiral Hipper ravaged the Atlantic, the two battleships Gneisenau and Scharnhorst also prepared for an operation in the same waters. They sailed on 28 December, but very bad weather caused damage to the Gneisenau and both ships had to return at an early stage. The Gneisenau was quickly repaired, but the operation was postponed for a month.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />Meanwhile the Admiral Scheer patrolled the South Atlantic. She did not score any notable successes. No convoy was found, but a Norwegian tanker was captured and sent to Bordeaux on 17 January. Three days later two freighters were sunk, but subsequently the Admiral Scheer ran out of luck. Late in January she set course for the Indian Ocean, hoping to find better opportunities for success there. On 3 February the Admiral Scheer passed south of the Cape of Good Hope.<br />
<br />
<br />Major accomplishments had thus far eluded the German naval ships in the Atlantic, but Raeder indulged in expectations of more success when the Scharnhorst and Gneisenau reached the transatlantic convoy routes. Due to the mishap with the Gneisenau, Admiral Lütjens, who commanded the squadron, was given more time to think about the best way to use his two battleships. As they were much more powerful than the Admiral Hipper and Admiral Scheer, Lütjens could attack escorted convoys without hesitating. When Meisel had attacked WSA5, despite the cruiser included in its escort, his action had bordered on the foolhardy. Considering the scarcity of German heavy vessels, it was imperative to keep them ready for action, or else it would be impossible for the German Navy to maintain the threat against the British convoy routes. With two battleships at his disposal, Lütjens would be in a very different position, as the British could hardly be expected to include stronger ships than cruisers in their escorts. However, damage to the German ships still had to be avoided. Prudence suggested that combat had to be conducted at long range, to avoid the menace from torpedoes.<br />
<br />
<br />Lutjens did not have to answer the question of how to attack convoys until his squadron reached the Atlantic, and he had a difficult journey ahead of him. The main problem was the ice in the Baltic, the Danish Belts and the Kattegat. The severe cold in January 1941 had resulted in ice with a thickness of about 30cm in the Danish Belts. Under normal conditions, Lütjens would have preferred to pass through the Belts in darkness, to avoid being seen from the coast, but in the present icy conditions it seemed impossible to sail through the narrow straits during night. The German squadron would have to make the passage in full daylight, when Allied agents as well as men and women from the Danish resistance could easily see the ships. When he had passed through the Great Belt, his two battleships would sail towards the Skagen, where escorts would join them, before continuing in the direction of Norway.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />The forthcoming operation was given the name ‘Berlin’ and was a much more whole-hearted attempt to implement the cruiser warfare concept, compared to the small-scale operations conducted so far. Lütjens was a good choice to lead Operation Berlin, since he was the German naval officer with most experience at sea. In 1914 he commanded a torpedo boat unit and saw frequent action in World War I. When the Germans invaded Norway in April 1940, Lütjens commanded the Gneisenau and Scharnhorst, which had been tasked with the mission to protect the landings at Narvik and Trondheim.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />Lütjens was a purposeful and calculating commander who carefully considered his alternatives. He preferred to retain freedom of action for as long as possible and was not given to impulsive decisions. Rather, he carefully weighed risks and opportunities. Success in Operation Berlin would depend greatly on the squadron’s ability to remain unobserved on the high seas and to maintain the element of surprise. The commander would have to display good judgement in estimating when the British convoys left ports, what course they followed and how fast they sailed, so as best to assess the risks of attack. Errors of judgement would severely curtail prospects of sinking a significant amount of British shipping. Lütjens seemed to possess exactly the traits needed to plan and conduct the kind of operation envisaged.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />Operation Berlin provides the best example of the realisation of the German concept of cruiser warfare. The first phase of the operation was the actual break out into the Atlantic.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />The passage from Kiel and, further on, the Kattegat and Skagerrak were narrow, icy and partly mined, requiring coordination with icebreakers, minesweepers, antisubmarine units and other escorts to get the squadron through safely, without jeopardizing secrecy. Tankers and supply ships had to be stationed in the Atlantic, to enable the battleships to remain there for months. Rendezvous places and signals had to be established well in advance, in order to minimize radio communication that could be intercepted by the British.<br />Radio traffic was a major concern. To reduce the risks of British interception the Germans used a large number of code names for various coordinates. A number of locations at sea had been assigned brief codes, such as ‘black 3’ or ‘red 15’. Without the specific tables needed, it was impossible to interpret the content of the messages. Furthermore, the actual transmissions could be briefer with the aid of the codes, making it more difficult to obtain bearings and estimate the position of the sender.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />Several frequencies and types of transmitters were used. The two battleships used ultra short wave for communication between them, as it was very difficult to intercept at longer distance. For reporting between the ships and the shore staffs, other frequencies were used. The weather forecasting used its own specific frequency band, as did communication between the ships and the Luftwaffe. Considering the geography, it was unlikely that the battleships would cooperate with the Luftwaffe far out on the Atlantic, but during the initial and the final phases of the operation, coordination with air power might be needed. Communication with the supply ships was governed by special regulations, as was the use of special crews that were to sail captured ships to German-controlled harbours in the Bay of Biscay. All of these details had to be specified and included in the orders issued before the operation began. However, once the battleships had reached the north Atlantic, Lütjens emphasized that he would make the decisions as the events unfolded.<br />
<br />
<br />Mitch Williamsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14692138354674511017noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3460715245261839803.post-78939129849179322922016-08-04T22:26:00.001-07:002016-08-04T22:26:34.292-07:00The Battle of Nauru – Nazi Germany’s Forgotten Foray into the Pacific<blockquote class="embedly-card" data-card-key="8ac4b7fee45c4d83a80aed58857fcf40" data-card-type="article-full">
<h4>
<a href="http://militaryhistorynow.com/2014/01/24/the-battle-of-nauru-nazi-germanys-forgotten-foray-into-the-pacific/">The Battle of Nauru - Nazi Germany's Forgotten Foray into the Pacific</a></h4>
In late 1940, the tiny tropical island of Nauru seemed about as far from the bloody battlefields of the Second World War as one could get. Also known as Pleasant Island, the 21 sq. km (8 sq.</blockquote>
<script async="" charset="UTF-8" src="//cdn.embedly.com/widgets/platform.js"></script>Mitch Williamsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14692138354674511017noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3460715245261839803.post-90301160732800756242016-08-04T22:23:00.003-07:002016-08-04T22:23:58.350-07:00The Gustloff Incident – History’s Deadliest (and Mostly Forgotten) Maritime Disaster<blockquote class="embedly-card" data-card-key="8ac4b7fee45c4d83a80aed58857fcf40" data-card-type="article-full">
<h4>
<a href="http://militaryhistorynow.com/2014/04/16/the-gustloff-incident-historys-deadliest-and-forgotten-ship-sinking/">The Gustloff Incident - History's Deadliest (and Mostly Forgotten) Maritime Disaster</a></h4>
The RMS Titanic is by far the most famous ill-fated ship of all time. Yet the unlucky luxury liner, which went down with more than 1,600 on board, can't touch the doomed Nazi cruise ship Wilhelm Gustloff when it comes to lives lost.</blockquote>
<script async="" charset="UTF-8" src="//cdn.embedly.com/widgets/platform.js"></script>Mitch Williamsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14692138354674511017noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3460715245261839803.post-60678683227926737242016-03-10T11:56:00.000-08:002016-03-10T11:56:03.639-08:00Raeder’s heavy ships –December 1942<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVMH6CcQZSHHnlJcWjITwwFHxrV1BJ2NjxTEkT2604a9FkTeX5KiwwDlHE7AHfSM2SGEKvJwH9rSJ3dwXH91wCF78USuJevcRJyyWOvcfG0hhulI7426GMmVUIby7fjV2L0Oy5ENzBybM/s1600/the_battle_of_the_barents_sea.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="265" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVMH6CcQZSHHnlJcWjITwwFHxrV1BJ2NjxTEkT2604a9FkTeX5KiwwDlHE7AHfSM2SGEKvJwH9rSJ3dwXH91wCF78USuJevcRJyyWOvcfG0hhulI7426GMmVUIby7fjV2L0Oy5ENzBybM/s400/the_battle_of_the_barents_sea.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<strong><em>Painting depicting the sinking of German destroyer Friedrich Eckoldt by HMS Sheffield at the Battle of Barents Sea.</em></strong><br />
<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3OFWsyHjE9R_vujVdLQ4U7fc0BG_NjrWshwbzkXTZO3pxpxigfw8hzDfyRZuZ_cIM1TzzX8gwyW5nMhHFR0k7M3GAyd3lpcKq6Yk79lFpnkrtkN_iy9ZapHgTUHdvUuwpcFvDhKkOuQA/s1600/ww2mr190barentssea.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3OFWsyHjE9R_vujVdLQ4U7fc0BG_NjrWshwbzkXTZO3pxpxigfw8hzDfyRZuZ_cIM1TzzX8gwyW5nMhHFR0k7M3GAyd3lpcKq6Yk79lFpnkrtkN_iy9ZapHgTUHdvUuwpcFvDhKkOuQA/s400/ww2mr190barentssea.gif" width="275" /></a></div>
<br />
JW.51B, left the Highland port of Loch Ewe on 22 December 1942 with
fourteen freighters and the usual mixed escort screen and a range of
warships offering both close and more distant cover. This was exactly
the type of convoy that Raeder’s heavy ships were meant to savage.
Lützow (the former pocket battleship – now designated a heavy cruiser)
had joined the other heavy cruiser Admiral Hipper at Altenfjorden in the
Finnmark region of northern Norway just prior to Christmas. Although
Fall Regenbogen (Case Rainbow) was not originally designed with Lützow
in mind, it made sense for her to join the operation in a bid to destroy
all vestiges of convoy JW. 51B and reinforce the impression that the
Germans wished to relay to London, namely, that the Arctic convoys were
too costly for the Allies to run even in winter. As a result, the two
heavy cruisers left port together at 1745 hours on 30 December
accompanied by six destroyers. Under the operational command of
Vizeadmiral Oskar Kummetz on board the Admiral Hipper, the plan was
hardly the stuff of Yamamoto complexity and ought to have worked far
better than it did. Simply put, the Hipper, accompanied by the three
destroyers Friedrich Eckholdt, Richard Beitzen and Z29, was to plough on
ahead of Kapitän zur See Rudolf Stange in command of the Lützow and his
three destroyers Theodor Riedel, Z30 and Z31 during the night to open
up a gap between the heavy cruisers of 75-85nm (139-57km) by first light
on 31 December. In between the two heavy cruisers the destroyers were
to be deployed some 15nm (28 km) apart from one another. This would
widen the convoy search area and provide some opportunities for the
destroyers to cause some confusion once the convoy had been sighted. In
theory at least it was expected that Kummetz, working on information
first supplied by German aerial reconnaissance and then subsequently
derived from tracking reports from U354, would be the first to intercept
the unsuspecting convoy. According to the plan, the Hipper and her
destroyers were to engage the Allied destroyer escorts and lure them
away from the convoy they were guarding. If this phase went according to
plan, it was thought quite reasonably that the unprotected freighters
would flee in the opposite direction – in other words to the south and
straight into the arms of the Lützow and her destroyers. In this way the
Hipper and the northern group of destroyers would eliminate the convoy
escorts while the Lützow and her group would fall on the rest of the
convoy and reap another PQ. 17 whirlwind. That at least was the theory.
In practice the operation turned out to be something quite different.
Far from being a belated, but glorious, opportunity to show Hitler that
the surface fleet still possessed value and hitting power, Fall
Regenbogen was to demonstrate to the Führer just what Raeder’s heavy
ships had lost.<br />
<br />
In far from ideal conditions with a heavy swell running and sea
sickness rampant amongst all the crews of the German vessels, Hipper
first glimpsed some elements of an already partly scattered convoy at
0718 hours on New Year’s Eve and sent the destroyer Friedrich Eckholdt
to confirm that these ghostly silhouettes were indeed from the convoy.
Kummetz now waited for dawn to break but even when it did the visibility
was poor and a grey murkiness disguised the ships of both sides. While
Kummetz and Stange seemed to be neutralised to some extent by the
inclement weather conditions and the latter especially behaved with
excessive caution throughout, Captain Robert Sherbrooke in the destroyer
Onslow showed tactical acumen and considerable bravery in combating the
far superior enemy force pitted against him once he realised that they
and not some Russian vessels were in the offing. Sherbrooke only
received confirmation that he was about to confront a German force when
the Friedrich Eckholdt opened fire on the British destroyer Obdurate
from about 8,000 yards (7,315m) at 0929 hours. He wasted little time in
signalling the destroyers Obdurate, Obedient and Orwell to join the
Onslow and gave orders for the only other destroyer Achates and the
remaining vessels of his convoy screen to close with the freighters and
lay a smokescreen to try and hide their retreat to the southeast. As
Achates began to make smoke so the Hipper hove into view and opened fire
on her. Splintered by a near-miss and with her power lines ruptured,
the ageing destroyer slowed to 15 knots. At precisely the same time that
Kummetz had concentrated his guns upon Achates (0941 hours), Sherbrooke
had opened fire on the Hipper from about 9,000 yards (8,229m).
Sherbrooke realised he had no chance in an artillery duel with the far
heavier weight of shot available to Kummetz’s flagship, but he hoped by
steering directly at her and then hauling away he might give the
impression that he was firing torpedoes at the heavy cruiser. If his
ploy worked, of course, Kummetz would turn away to avoid being hit.
Sherbrooke’s only realistic chance was to simulate this type of torpedo
attack more than once in a bid to keep the enemy on edge and stall for
time until Force R (the light cruisers Jamaica and Sheffield some 50nm
[93km] distant) came to his and the other vessels’ rescue.
Unfortunately, help was anything from one to four hours away. If the
Allied force was to survive for that long and not be crippled in the
meantime it would take much initiative, fine shiphandling and raw
courage from Sherbrooke and the others captains of his destroyer
flotilla. They were up to the task but they needed a slice of luck too
and this arrived in the shape of a series of snowy squalls that would
temporarily obscure the protagonists from one another. After at least
thirty-five minutes of feinting and weaving to good effect and shortly
after ordering two of his lightly-armed destroyers (Obdurate and
Obedient) to rejoin the convoy to give it added protection, Onslow was
finally hit with telling effect by Admiral Hipper at approximately 1016
hours. Holed, on fire, without the use of either her `A’ or `B’ guns and
with forty of her crew either dead or wounded, Onslow was in no shape
to continue the action. Sherbrooke who had continued to direct
operations on the bridge didn’t escape punishment either. Badly injured
by flying splinters and having lost the sight of one eye from the flying
metal shards, he nonetheless remained at his post, issued orders to lay
a smokescreen and only afterwards passed over command to Commander
Kinloch on the Obedient before taking his burning vessel out of the line
of fire. In putting paid to Onslow (but not sinking her), Kummetz’s gun
crews had used 48 x 8-inch (203mm) and 72 x 4.1-inch (104mm) shells to
strike her only three times.<br />
<br />
Orwell now stood in her path but before Kummetz could do anything on
this score, the weather intervened once more blanketing the British
destroyer from the sight of the German heavy cruiser. Instead of waiting
for the snowstorm to lift, Kummetz decided on a turn to the northeast.
This route took him away from the Orwell and the convoy itself now lying
some 12nm (22km) distant, but put him on track to meet the minesweeper
Bramble. She was quickly rendered into a smoking hulk by a total of 51 x
8-inch (203mm) and 38 x 4.1-inch (104mm) shells that began to rain down
on her from shortly after 1036 hours onward. It was no contest, but why
Kummetz devoted so much time and attention to destroying Bramble is not
clear. She would be finally put out of her misery by the two German
destroyers Friedrich Eckholdt and Richard Beitzen, but precious time had
been lost in destroying a vessel that posed no real threat to the
operation as a whole or to the heavy cruisers in particular. If Kummetz
can be faulted for this error, Stange’s entire performance in the Lützow
was unsatisfactory. Coming up from the south he and his three
destroyers had not sought any action whatsoever. They had crossed the
path of the convoy and had reached a point by 1050 hours only 2-3nm
(3.7-5.5km) ahead of the freighters. There was nothing in their way and
mass slaughter appeared on the cards. Amazingly, Stange failed to
respond to this enviable situation. Citing poor visibility, he decided
to wait for the weather system to blow itself out and for better
conditions to present themselves before taking decisive action. It was
an extraordinary blunder. Grossadmiral Raeder would long have cause to
regret Stange’s aversion to risk-taking and his appointment to the
Lützow.<br />
<br />
Even if Stange didn’t recognise the Allied vessels, they had little
trouble in determining the Lützow’s identity. Gathering all the British
destroyers around the Obedient and displaying none of the restraint of
his far more powerful adversary, Kinloch decided that action was called
for. Before he could launch any attack, however, the picture became more
complicated as Kummetz brought the Hipper back into contention. At 1115
hours she announced her return by opening up once more on the Achates
with deadly effect. After pulverising the small destroyer, the German
heavy cruiser next turned her attention to the Obedient and quickly
straddled her knocking out Kinloch’s wireless as she did so. Command
shifted for the second time in a little more than an hour and was passed
on this occasion to Lieutenant-Commander Sclater on board the Obdurate.
Once again the tactics would be the same – a torpedo feint to force the
Admiral Hipper to turn away. It succeeded as before and at 1130 hours
the heavy cruiser did just that to comb the tracks of any torpedoes sent
her way. Within a minute Force R finally made an appearance and began
to make its presence felt as the first shells from the light cruisers
Jamaica and Sheffield began to fall around Kummetz’s flagship. Despite
frantic manoeuvring, the Hipper was hit by one of Sheffield’s 6-inch
(152mm) shells that penetrated her starboard hull beneath her armoured
belt some 11 feet (3.35m) below the waterline, causing extensive
flooding and knocking out two of her boiler rooms and reducing her power
temporarily to 15 knots. Two more shells struck home within the next
six minutes: one passing through her hull on the starboard side without
exploding and the other detonating inside the aircraft hangar and
starting a blazing fire. These were unwelcome and surprising
developments, but none were critical and need not have caused the
abandonment of the entire operation. After all, neither Jamaica nor
Sheffield was actually a match for the two heavy cruisers if they had
coordinated their activities better. What Kummetz didn’t know, of
course, was whether there were any other Allied ships that would enter
the fray and tip the balance of advantage to the other side. He remained
very mindful of the advice which Admiral Klüber (Flag Officer, Northern
Waters) had given him shortly after he had sailed on the previous
evening. `Contrary to operational order regarding contact with the
enemy… use caution against enemy of equal strength because it is
undesirable for the cruisers to take any great risks.’<br />
<br />
Klüber’s original message, coincidentally repeated in condensed form
just at this crucial juncture in the battle, would weigh on Kummetz’s
mind and dictate his actions subsequently. At 1137 hours he signalled
his other ships to break off their action with the Allied vessels and to
turn away to the west. As they did so, both the Friedrich Eckholdt and
Richard Beitzen unsuspectingly found themselves on a collision course
with the two British light cruisers a mere 2nm away (3.7km). Sheffield
sank the former in a blaze of gunfire but Jamaica somehow managed to
miss the latter. A minute before Sheffield opened up on the German
destroyer (1143 hours), Stange at last got Lützow into the act by
opening fire on one of the freighters (Calobre) in the convoy. As the
British destroyers congregated to meet this latest threat, they laid a
dense smokescreen to obscure the emergency turn to the southwest that
the convoy made in an effort to put some distance between the freighters
and the German surface vessels. It worked. Kummetz reinforced the order
to withdraw back towards Altenfjorden at 1149 hours before darkness
fell and Stange complied in a rather languid and desultory way that had
marked his entire approach to the naval action throughout. As a result,
he failed to make further inroads into the convoy and though the Lützow
would inflict some splinter damage on Obdurate at midday, the Battle of
the Barents Sea was largely over. There might yet have been a successful
resolution of the affair for the Germans after midday as Rear-Admiral
Burnett in the Sheffield in grey, misty conditions suddenly stumbled
upon the two heavy cruisers and Lützow’s destroyers once more at 1223
hours. A lucky man at the best of times, Burnett was once more fortunate
as Stange couldn’t recognise Sheffield’s shape or identity in the
prevailing gloom. An awkward interlude of six minutes followed in which
both ships challenged one another by flashlight, but Burnett brought
that episode to an end by firing upon the Lützow and straddling her at
1229 hours from a distance of about 8nm (15km). Stange replied a minute
later but the Lützow’s first shells fell short. Shortly afterwards,
Kummetz reappeared once more to join in the shelling at 1234 hours. Her
gunners were more accurate and Burnett found his ship being straddled
almost immediately. It didn’t take him long to decide that this was an
unenviable position to be in and at 1236 hours he retired swiftly to the
northwest and out of range. Neither Stange nor Kummetz followed and
Sheffield and Jamaica were spared destruction as was convoy JW. 51B
which had been the objective of Fall Regenbogen in the first place. In
this unsatisfactory way, the Battle of the Barents Sea ended for the
Germans. It was hardly a ringing endorsement of what the surface fleet
could do for their war effort at sea and would scarcely impress the
Führer whose patience with Raeder’s heavy ships was wearing intolerably
thin by the end of 1942. Once again the line between success and failure
was very thin. Fall Regenbogen could have been a classic triumph for
the beleaguered surface fleet, but it ended up in exposing it to
ridicule and incurring the Führer’s undying contempt.<br />
<br />
<a href="http://firedirectioncenter.blogspot.com.au/2012/12/decisive-battles-barents-sea-1942.html" target="_blank">LINK</a>Mitch Williamsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14692138354674511017noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3460715245261839803.post-78668750116508570172015-09-10T08:48:00.002-07:002015-09-10T08:48:48.118-07:00Planning the “Dash” I<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJV6smW-92WhAoSzG8DMyaMTNcBs6KxnPlt19T7IOydc8fb56e0nNIXzxNiQsOtVnudcYrTzy3Ca92Ck8f9I-XzloZgnS-0B6C64joHHLyFh_MAzwP2TqEZcv_QCoDrQhc23_ZAEhX8mU/s1600/painting51.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJV6smW-92WhAoSzG8DMyaMTNcBs6KxnPlt19T7IOydc8fb56e0nNIXzxNiQsOtVnudcYrTzy3Ca92Ck8f9I-XzloZgnS-0B6C64joHHLyFh_MAzwP2TqEZcv_QCoDrQhc23_ZAEhX8mU/s400/painting51.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<i><b>The Bismarck and the Prinz Eugen in the Denmark Strait on 24 May 1941. Painting by British <a href="http://www.kbismarck.com/gallery1.html" target="_blank">artist Jon Kindred</a>.</b></i><br />
<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgg6_0BGN1ud1P4-NMIwNLYc_W1iog3xEBpCmBFTf43Rio6JCeeZtEt4fsRjgs3kvO2KR6F9hnbsKcQ1OWhmUYxWrBfevF61ycE5LsoN-mi8YkjJKIXmcm9soAS4TFGdN_6XDry9u5psbM/s1600/Kriegsmarine-battleship-KMS-Gneisenau-during-operation-Cerberus-02.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="153" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgg6_0BGN1ud1P4-NMIwNLYc_W1iog3xEBpCmBFTf43Rio6JCeeZtEt4fsRjgs3kvO2KR6F9hnbsKcQ1OWhmUYxWrBfevF61ycE5LsoN-mi8YkjJKIXmcm9soAS4TFGdN_6XDry9u5psbM/s400/Kriegsmarine-battleship-KMS-Gneisenau-during-operation-Cerberus-02.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footer"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of figures"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="envelope address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="envelope return"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="line number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="page number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of authorities"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="macro"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="toa heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
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<b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Although
<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Scharnhorst </span>and <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Gneisenau </span>posed a considerable threat
to the British while lying at Brest in 1941 and the repeated raids by the Royal
Air Force were far too inaccurate to do any serious damage, Hitler felt the two
units were too exposed, and ordered them to return. Operation 'Cerberus', the
daylight dash through the English Channel in February 1942, was probably the
Kriegsmarine's greatest success, for it took the British completely by surprise,
the two battle-cruisers and the heavy cruiser Prinz Eugen slipping past
ineffectual air and sea attacks. Apart from slight damage to Scharnhorst from a
magnetic mine during the final phase it had been a humiliation for the British
and proof that audacity pays. </span></i></b><br />
<br />
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The two great grey ships appeared off
the entrance to the French Atlantic port of Brest just after dawn. They were Germany's 32,000-ton battleships, <i>Scharnhorst
</i>and <i>Gneisenau </i>returning from marauding raids against Allied shipping
in the Atlantic.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">They had sailed from Kiel at the beginning of 1941. Evading the
British Home Fleet based at Scapa Flow, they had broken through the Denmark
Strait into the Atlantic. For the next two
months like gigantic pirates they roamed the Atlantic shipping lanes sinking
more than twenty ships totalling over 100,000 tons. It was the first—and
last—successful foray by German battleships against Allied merchant shipping in
the Second World War. Then in early March they seemed to disappear into
Atlantic mists.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">At 7 a.m. on 22 March 1941, as sullen
French dock workers watched, they tied up at the quai Lannion in Brest. It was nearly a
year since France had fallen
and the French Naval base had been taken over by German dockyard workers from Wilhelmshaven. They had
returned to Brest
because they were badly in need of repairs. The two-months' cruise had revealed
serious defects in <i>Scharnhorst's </i>boilers. The tubes of the
super-heaters, especially, had given constant trouble threatening a major
breakdown. German dockyard engineers who examined her estimated ten weeks would
be needed for repairs. When her Kapitän, Kurt Hoffmann, reported this news to
Grand Admiral Erich Raeder, head of the German Navy in Berlin, the German Admiralty staff were
shocked at the extent of the repairs necessary.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Her sister ship <i>Gneisenau </i>was
also in need of minor repairs. The refit of both battleships went ahead quickly
but no Frenchman was allowed to work on them, for French workmen in the repair
depots ashore went as slow as they dared to hold up the work of the German
conquerors. Throughout the dockyard and in the town, the inhabitants were not
only surly and hostile, but some of them were in touch with French underground
agents, who would pass the information about the repairs to Britain.</span><br />
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">After the ships' arrival eight
depressing days passed with unceasing rain and frequent false air-raid alarms.
Then on the evening of 30 March came the real thing. The wail of sirens was
followed by the crash of bombs. The flak gun crews poured up a curtain of fire
but their shells could not reach high-flying planes.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Ashore, many officers of the German
Naval Staff were killed when the hotel where they were accommodated was hit and
caught fire. The ships were undamaged but when the fragments of bombs were
examined by German experts next day they made an important discovery. The RAF
had dropped 500-lb armour-piercing bombs specially made to crash through the
armoured decks of the warships. The Germans then knew that this was no routine
dock raid. These bombs were direct evidence that the RAF knew they were there.
Now the raids would never cease. They were right. The RAF started to come day
and night when weather permitted.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">At dawn on 6 April a RAF
torpedo-bomber suddenly dived out of the clouds. It was a Coastal Command
Beaufort from St. Eval in Cornwall, piloted by Flying Officer Kenneth Campbell,
who made a most courageous and determined attack upon <i>Gneisenau. </i>She was
tied up to the buoy against a wall at the north end of the harbour, protected
by the curving mole. The little hills all around the harbour bristled with
clusters of guns and moored near the mole as extra protection were three flak
ships.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The battleship's position appeared to
be impregnable. Even if an aircraft managed to deliver a low level attack it
would not be able to pull out in time and must crash into the high ground
surrounding the harbour.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">But Kenneth Campbell dived down to
deck level and flew steadily past the blazing muzzles of the flak ships' guns.
He skimmed over the mole and dropped his torpedo at point-blank range towards <i>Gneisenau's
</i>stern. As he did so, the German flak gunners hit him and he crashed in
flames into the water.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">But he had done his job. Seconds later
his torpedo exploded against <i>Gneisenau </i>on the starboard side aft. Water
rushed in and she began to list heavily. A salvage vessel which came alongside
to pump tons of water from her scuppers had difficulty keeping her from
sinking.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The bodies of Campbell and his gallant aircrew, Sgts.
Scott, Mullis and Hillman, were fished out of the harbour and brought on board
the battleship. Their bodies were draped in flags and placed on the
quarterdeck, where a guard of honour was mounted as a mark of respect.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">While this chivalrous ceremony was
taking place, the salvage crews managed to pump enough water out to right her,
since she could not remain in danger at the buoy. RAF spotter planes were now
informing the British about every move of the battleships. Another attack like Campbell's on <i>Gneisenau
</i>would probably sink her.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The following morning <i>Gneisenau </i>again
entered dry dock where inspection confirmed that Campbell's torpedo had wrecked the starboard
propeller and shaft tunnel. This would need six months to repair. She would be
out of action twice as long as <i>Scharnhorst.</i></span><br />
<br />
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">When the British heard about Campbell's heroic act he
was awarded the highest decoration for gallantry, the Victoria Cross. The
citation said: "Despising heavy odds Flying Officer Kenneth Campbell went
cheerfully and resolutely to his task. By pressing home his attack at close
quarters in the face of withering fire on a course fraught with extreme peril,
he displayed valour of the highest order."</span><br />
<br />
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">As a result of Campbell's torpedo both battleships were now
due for a long stay so the German Navy decided to put their static fleet to
some use. A detachment of a hundred midshipmen were sent from Germany to the Brest battleships to complete their training.
They were posted equally to both ships and, as anti-aircraft defence was most
vital, this was their main task. It became a brutal battle training for these
budding officers. For some it was very short.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">On the night of 10 April, the sirens
again wailed and the first bomb explosions could be heard above the roar of the
flak guns. Suddenly there came a series of tremendous flashes and explosions and
a red glow lit up <i>Gneisenau</i>'s superstructure. She had been hit by three
bombs and was on fire. The bombs killed fifty and wounded ninety of her crew,
the heaviest casualties being among the flak crews and the young midshipmen. At
the time of the raid many of the off-duty midshipmen were in their quarters
between decks. Most of them were killed by fragments of other big bombs
exploding on the quayside.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">As ambulances drew up at the ship's
gangway and long rows of stretcher cases were taken to hospital, Captain
Hoffmann went across from <i>Scharnhorst </i>to offer help. He ordered a
working-party to fight the fires on the mess decks, but they had to flood one
magazine before the fires were controlled and <i>Gneisenau </i>out of danger.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The Germans' main concern was to conceal
the extent of the damage from the French, but each battleship could only make
ten coffins, and this meant tiiey would have to call in French carpenters to
make many more. When the order was given the news of the German dead spread
rapidly among the inhabitants of Brest.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">After this they arranged for most of
the crews to sleep ashore in barracks, leaving only flak gunners and a duty
watch in the ship. This raid also decided the authorities in Berlin
to step up the A.A. defences of Brest.
They increased the number of 4-inch guns to 150 and smaller flak guns to 1,200,
to make a murderous concentration of fire. Also the two battleships were moved
closer together. The lock gates were closed and protected by nets against
torpedoes fired by either intruding submarines or wave-skimming planes.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">In <i>Scharnhorst's </i>old berth,
Hoffmann built a wooden and sheet-iron replica of her on the hull of an old
French cruiser, <i>Jeanne d'Arc. </i>Nets hung from the battleships' masts to
the dockside with paint sprayed over them to make them resemble clumps of
trees. On the roofs of the Naval
College the surviving
midshipmen erected wooden huts to make it look like a village.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">A network of artificial
smoke-generators which could shroud the port under a thick fog within a few
minutes was installed around the harbour. This last precaution aroused protests
from the Luftwaffe who maintained that the dense smoke would endanger their
fighter operations. This artificial fog also nearly caused a collision between
the two battleships when they came to leave harbour.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The flak and the fighters gave them
protection during the day but in darkness it was a different story. As the
RAF's heavy bombing continued nearly every night it looked as though not only
would the ships be damaged but most of their crews endangered. Although many of
them were taken at night in lorries to barracks in Brest, many were still being killed ashore so
it was decided to move them farther out to avoid the raids.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">They were moved at night to La Roche
fifteen miles from Brest near the sleepy little
Breton town of Landerneau.
Both places were on the main line to Paris
and the railway was used a lot to move crews about.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Hidden in a small forest of birch
trees near Landerneau, barracks were built for the crews of each ship. It was
also planned to build extra ones for the crew of another German battleship, <i>Bismarck</i><i>, </i>due
in for a refit after her own Atlantic merchant shipping forays. Outside the
dockyard at Brest
the large buoys swung at their moorings awaiting her arrival.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">While the other two German battleships
were being repaired in Brest, <i>Bismarck</i><i>
</i>was sheltering in the German-occupied Norwegian port of Bergen.
But on a moonless night—20 May 1941—she slipped out, escorted by the heavy
cruiser <i>Prinz Eugen. </i>At noon next day, when the news reached the
Admiralty in Whitehall, the Home Fleet was
ordered to sail from Scapa Flow to intercept
the German ships south of the Denmark Straits.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">At dawn on 24 May the two German ships
were in action with the British fleet, which included the veteran battle-cruiser
<i>Hood </i>and the battleship <i>Prince of Wales </i>on her maiden voyage. The
Royal Navy had the worst of the battle. <i>Hood, </i>hit by <i>Bismarck </i>and
<i>Prinz Eugen, </i>blew up. <i>Prince of Wales </i>was so badly damaged that
she took no further part in the action. But smaller Royal Naval ships still
shadowed the fast-steaming <i>Bismarck</i><i>.</i></span><br />
<br />
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">In the afternoon the new
aircraft-carrier <i>Victorious </i>was detached from the main force to attack
her. When 825 Squadron of Swordfish rose from her flight deck to make a night
attack on the German battleship, the leading plane was piloted by Lt.-Cdr.
Eugene Esmonde.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">At 11:30 p.m., when they were 120
miles from the carrier, Esmonde's Swordfish squadron sighted <i>Bismarck</i><i>. </i>Flying 100 feet above
the waves in the darkness, they let go their torpedoes from less than 1,000
yards. As they banked away there was a roar followed by a flash and a curling
plume of flame.</span><br />
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The <i>Bismarck</i><i> </i>had been hit
amidships.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The torpedo slowed her down, and after
a three-day chase the Home Fleet again brought the <i>Bismarck</i><i> </i>into action. This time
she was alone. Four hours before the battle the <i>Prinz Eugen </i>had slipped
away. The <i>Bismarck</i><i>
</i>sank under the guns and torpedoes of the Royal Navy.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">It was on the night of 7 May that
German naval officers at Brest, surreptitiously
listening to the B.B.C. news, heard: "At 10:37 G.M.T. the German
battleship <i>Bismarck</i><i>
</i>was sunk."</span><br />
Mitch Williamsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14692138354674511017noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3460715245261839803.post-64143461638255550082015-09-10T08:42:00.002-07:002015-09-10T08:42:20.846-07:00Planning the “Dash” II<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
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<br />
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The German Navy in Brest
took the news of <i>Bismarck</i><i>'s
</i>sinking gloomily. Equally depressing was the lack of news of her escorting
cruiser, <i>Prinz Eugen. </i>Had she too been sunk? Or had she escaped and was
preserving radio silence in case her calls were intercepted by the pursuing
Royal Navy? For five days there was silence. Then at dawn on 1 June a buzz of
excitement went round the battleship crews. <i>Prinz Eugen </i>had appeared at
the entrance to Brest
Harbour.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">She brought grim news. When her
captain, Helmuth Brinkmann, made a report to Grand Admiral Raeder in Berlin about the fate of the <i>Bismarck</i><i>, </i>he stated that the
British battleships now had such good radar equipment that it could not be
evaded.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The rest of the situation was also
depressing. Despite German precautions, day and night raids on Brest docks became a familiar part of their
daily life. Almost every day, the B.B.C.'s nine o'clock news reported that
bombers had visited Brest
to attack the German warships.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The British realized that this
constant bombing might eventually cause the Germans to make a desperate dash
home. A series of conferences was held between Admiralty and Air Ministry
planners. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">As a result Coastal Command was ordered to establish three separate
dusk-to-dawn radar reconnaissance patrols off Brest and along the Channel. They became
known as "Stopper," which covered from Brest
to Ushant, "Line SE" from Ushant to Brittany
and "Habo" from Le Havre to Boulogne. Fighter Command
also organized daylight Channel sweeps known as "Jim Crow."</span><br />
<br />
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">On 29 April 1941 an Air Ministry
letter to the three RAF Commands—Fighter, Bomber and Coastal—said: <i>"Scharnhorst
</i>and <i>Gneisenau </i>may attempt to reach a German port up the Channel
route during the period April 30th to May 4th inclusive. It is considered
probable that the Straits of Dover will be navigated in darkness. It is
considered unlikely that the enemy would attempt the passage of the Straits in
daylight. But if this should be attempted, a unique opportunity will be offered
to both our surface craft and air striking force to engage the enemy ships in
force whilst in the Straits of Dover." Bomber Command was instructed to
have strike forces in readiness for the Germans leaving Brest.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">At this stage, the RAF were well ahead
of the Germans in their tactical appreciation. It was not until 30 May—a month
after the Air Ministry had considered the possibility of a Channel
break-out—that the German Naval Command West in Paris
sent a memorandum to Grand Admiral Raeder in Berlin
suggesting a contingency plan: "The possibility of bringing heavy ships
through the English Channel should be
carefully examined. The route is shorter than the Iceland passage. There are good
escort possibilities, both air and sea. Enemy radar could be jammed. Superior
enemy units would not be present and the passage would be in the close
proximity of our own harbours to which ships could be taken in the event of
breakdowns."</span><br />
<br />
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Raeder reacted strongly against this
suggestion. He drew up a formidable list of hazards: "1. The difficulty of
navigation in narrow waters. 2. The battleships must be seen by the British. 3.
The danger from mines, torpedo boats, torpedo-carrying aircraft and
dive-bombers."</span><br />
<br />
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">But Raeder's principal objection was
that mine-sweepers could not clear a wide enough path for the ships to take
avoiding action in the event of torpedo attack. He concluded, "The naval
war staff therefore consider an unobserved and safe escape through the Channel
to be impossible." This view entirely coincided with that of his opposite
number in London,
First Sea Lord Sir Dudley Pound.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Raeder had good reasons for being
cautious. For he had only five battleships—including the "pocket"
battleships—to the Royal Navy's fifteen. He had no aircraft-carriers, although
the <i>Graf Zeppelin </i>was under construction—but never completed—whilst the
British had six operational carriers.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Raeder, one of the ablest and most
professional naval officers Germany
has ever produced, nursed his ships like a duck with ducklings. During the
fourteen years in which he was its Commander-in-Chief no one had guarded the
honour of the German Navy more jealously than he.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">When Raeder rejected the Channel plan
it was generally felt among the admirals in Berlin that this was the end of the matter.
For Hitler trusted Raeder's judgement and had promoted him to Grand Admiral,
second only to Goring as Hitler's adviser for the prosecution of the war.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">It came as a surprise when Admiral
Krancke, Raeder's personal representative on Hitler's Supreme Staff, was
summoned to the Führer's headquarters and, standing stiffly to attention,
listened pale-faced to the tirade of abuse concerning the German capital ships
and their officers which Hitler hurled at him.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Hitler, at war with Russia since June, was becoming alarmed at the
numerous small British commando raids on the coast of Norway,
starting with the Lofotens in March 1941. He considered the Norwegian coastline
to be the most vulnerable section of his Western Wall. The news had also reached
Hitler that British convoys were bringing tanks, aircraft and guns to the
Eastern Front. He decided that Norway,
where in any case he had always thought the British intended to open a second
front, had now become even more strategically important.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Meanwhile the RAF continued to keep up
their non-stop bombing attacks on Brest.
A month after Raeder had rejected the Channel plan—on the morning of 1 July—it
was <i>Prinz Eugens </i>turn. While she lay alongside the eastern basin of the
commercial dock, a RAF bomb smashed the ship's armour-plating and exploded in
the most vulnerable compartments— the plotting room and transmitting station.
It killed forty-seven men, including her first officer, Cdr. Otto Stoos, and
wounded thirty-two. It also put <i>Prinz Eugen </i>out of action for three
months.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">On the other hand, <i>Scharnhorst </i>was
refitted and on the morning of 23 July left for La Pallice, 250 miles to the
south, for trials to test her super-heaters and practise firing her guns.
Captain Hoffmann chose the shoal-dotted waters around La Pallice because they
afforded the best protection against submarines and he needed only a few patrol
boats to keep watch.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">A tanker took her place in the dock as
a decoy and was covered with netting. To disguise the direction of her
departure, the Germans put out false oil trails leading north from Brest. In spite of this
careful camouflage, the ever-watchful RAF spotted the move and reported that <i>Scharnhorst
</i>was moving south from her berth. Was she about to break out into the Atlantic? As spotter planes watched her, the opinion grew
that this might be the long-awaited escape.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Unaware of the British suspicions, the
battleship performed perfectly, reaching a speed of thirty knots without
difficulty. She returned to La Pallice that evening, expecting to remain there
for several days while minor adjustments were made.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Before dark a group of Stirling heavy bombers attacked her and made one direct
hit with a heavy armour-piercing bomb. More heavy bomber attacks during the
night damaged La Pallice docks. At dawn a RAF photographic reconnaissance plane
was over La Pallice. As it revealed little serious damage it was decided to
mount the most massive daylight raid on both battleships.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Ninety-nine RAF bombers took off,
arriving over the battleships at 2 p.m. Three Flying Fortresses, sixty-three Wellingtons and eighteen Hampdens attacked the <i>Gneisenau
</i>in Brest while eight Halifaxes bombed the <i>Scharnhorst </i>in La
Pallice.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">This was the first time Fortresses,
fitted with the new Sperry bombsight for high altitude bombing, had taken part
in a raid on the Brest
battleships. They had arrived in England just three months before
and the attack that hot July afternoon on the German battleships was only their
third operation.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Because of the height at which they
operated they carried special aircrews—none of them over 24 years old. The
pilots of the three Fortresses, Wing-Cdr. Macdougall, Sq. Ldr. MacLaren and
Flt.-Lt. Mathieson, were told to concentrate on the <i>Gneisenau. </i>At eight
minutes past two they started bombing from a height of 30,000 feet, each
aircraft dropping four 1100-lb. bombs which burst on the quays and docks.
Although accurate flak was seen following them a thousand feet below they were
too high for the German defences. After they had released their bombs three
Messerschmitts climbed steeply towards them but the Fortresses turned away and
lost them.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">At the same time Wing-Cdr. Maw led the
low-level British-built bombers down to 6,000 feet, their bombs bursting among
the dockyard buildings. Pilot Officer Payne went down to 3,500 feet and as his
bombs straddled the <i>Gneisenau </i>both he and his front gunner, Sgt.
Wilkinson, were wounded by flak.</span><br />
Mitch Williamsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14692138354674511017noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3460715245261839803.post-90331358719728643802015-09-10T08:37:00.003-07:002015-09-10T08:37:47.368-07:00Planning the “Dash” III<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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Name="index 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footnote text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footer"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of figures"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="envelope address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="line number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="page number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of authorities"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
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<br />
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The Halifaxes attacked the <i>Scharnhorst </i>at
La Pallice from 12,000 feet. She was easily identified by the high-flying
bomber pilots from a cloudless sky, and a row of five bombs hit her. Thick
smoke began to pour from her as terrific explosions shook the ship. Two bombs
exploded on deck, causing a great rent. Yet she was lucky. The three heavy
bombs that penetrated the armoured upper deck and smashed through the hull
failed to explode, although they caused her to take in 6,000 tons of water.</span><br />
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The ship began to settle with a heavy
list. But the efficient repair-parties quickly righted her and the damage was
promptly repaired. A signal went to the port authorities for divers, who found
the impact with <i>Scharnhorst's </i>deck had torn the steel off one of the
bombs and had helped to prevent it exploding. The holes in <i>Scharnhorst's </i>hull
were soon patched up.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Good luck was still with her for, miraculously,
there were no casualties. She returned to Brest
at twenty-seven knots.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The autumn of 1941 was the beginning
of bad times for the German war machine. Hitler's <i>blitzkrieg </i>against the
Soviet Union was slowing up at die onset of
the savage Russian winter. Hitler was personally conducting the campaign from
his headquarters at Rastenburg in East
Prussia, known as Wolf's Lair.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Since the start of the Russian
campaign Admiral Raeder had heard nothing from his preoccupied Führer. But on
17 September, as the Admiral was preparing plans for using his battleships in
the Atlantic shipping lanes again, he was summoned to a conference with Hitler
at Wolf's Lair.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Hitler did not want to hear about the
Atlantic plan. He was convinced the British were going to invade Norway and
interrupted to say, "The Atlantic can be left to the U-boats. Your
battleships, all your major units, must be stationed along the Norwegian coast.
They can be of some use in guarding Norway against invasion. They will
be safer there from air attack than in Brest."</span><br />
<br />
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">He called Norway the "zone of
destiny." Hitler, who had referred to himself to Raeder as "a land
animal," said to him, "Battleships are not good for anything. The big
guns would be more useful and less vulnerable in emplacements ashore. I have
plans for disarming these steel monsters and using them for the defence of the
Norwegian coast."</span><br />
<br />
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">There was a second conference in
November when Hitler produced a marked map of the Norwegian coast with areas
shown from which the two battleships and <i>Prinz Eugen </i>could operate
against the British. He was impatient with Raeder. What was the major part of
German sea power doing bottled up and being bombed in Brest? He ended by inquiring harshly,
"What solution does the Navy have?"</span><br />
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">To placate him, Raeder brought out a
contingency plan by Naval Group West in Paris
which had been pigeon-holed. It suggested that, while awaiting completion of
repairs to the battleships, an attempt might be made to send <i>Prinz Eugen </i>on
a lone dash through the English Channel to a
German port. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Hitler, who had appeared uninterested, even bored, suddenly looked
up and commented, "Why only the <i>Prinz Eugen? </i>Why not all the
ships?"</span><br />
<br />
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Raeder, who was not expecting even the
<i>Prinz Eugen </i>plan to be taken seriously, was astonished. He replied,
"A dash through the Channel by a solitary cruiser is a very different
matter, <i>mein Führer, </i>from a movement by a whole fleet."</span><br />
<br />
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Hitler was the last person on earth to
be put off by such a statement. "The issue of war will be decided in Norway,"
he said. "Unless the British are fools they will attack us there."</span><br />
<br />
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">As he said this, he looked directly at
Raeder and gave the Nazi salute in dismissal. Raeder flew back to Berlin and sent a signal to Admiral Saalwächter, Chief of
Naval Group West in Paris,
asking how soon the battleships could put to sea. He was not displeased when he
received a reply that the two battleships would not be ready until December. It
was just as well. By then Hitler, obsessed with the Russian front, might have
forgotten this hare-brained idea.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">At first Raeder tried to gain time
saying he must have discussions with his staff. He explained the position to
his Chief of Staff, Admiral Fricke, in Berlin
and also to Admiral Wagner, head of the Operations Section directing the war at
sea, saying, "Hitler wants the ships back in home waters, for he believes
there might be an attempt at a British invasion in the Norwegian area."</span><br />
<br />
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">As the Berlin naval chiefs studied the basic
aspects of the plan their first objection was the state of crew training. The
better trained the crews were, the more chance they had of pulling off a daring
operation like this. Yet through no fault of Captain Hoffmann and his fellow
commanders, the crews' training and morale was very much below standard.
Brest-bound as they were, always under the threatening shadow of the RAF, they
were only able to carry out restricted exercises and drills. But the greatest
obstacle to the plan would be the need for the strictest secrecy. Except for
the most senior officers at Brest,
no one could be allowed to know what was to happen. This would mean the crews
could not be inspired by their training instructors with a promise of glory.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Yet the more Admiral Wagner studied
the Führer's plan the more he found he was not against the operation. This was
because the entire world naval situation had changed suddenly on 6 December
1941, when America
had come into the war. He considered the days were now over when the Germans
could keep the ships in Brest
as a constant Atlantic threat.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">In his view, to do this indefinitely
would be to invite disaster. The situation seemed quite plain; on one side
there were the British with the increasingly destructive power of their bombing
raids; but on the other side there was the menacing voice of the Führer.
"You will remove the ships where I can employ them in the Norwegian
theatre. Otherwise you will give me their guns and I will mount them in shore
batteries. Make your choice, <i>meine Herren."</i></span><br />
<br />
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Was there an alternative to a
break-out through the Channel? They could bring the ships north of Britain round by the Iceland route. But in their path in
Scapa Flow lurked the might of the British battle fleet which was bound to
intercept—and send them to join <i>Bismarck</i><i>
</i>at the bottom.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">However, his intelligence reports
revealed that the English appeared to have very little in the Channel.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">His chief, Admiral Raeder, still did
not like the plan. Like First Sea Lord Dudley Pound in the Admiralty in London he feared for his
capital ships. If the ships were put out of action by the RAF or Royal Navy, it
would be the virtual end of the German Navy as a force. Feeling that the ships
would be too like sitting ducks on the narrow waters of the Channel, he told
Wagner, "I cannot make this proposal to Hitler that we break through the
Channel."</span><br />
<br />
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Wagner argued the risk might have to
be taken. He said, "If the ships are dismantled we will present the
British with a bloodless victory. The German Navy will never hold up its head
again. To concede victory to the enemy without a fight is to sentence the
German Navy to death."</span><br />
<br />
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Faced with these views, and the
Führer's fanatic insistence, Raeder began to give way a little—but he was still
not convinced.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">On 29 December, he had a stormy
meeting with Hitler when the Führer persisted in his plan. When Raeder said
that, after being in port for so long, his ships could hardly be expected to
face the powerful British Home Fleet without some preparation, Hitler once
again raved about "the uselessness of the battleships." He refused
even to allow the time for lengthy "shake-down" sea-going exercises
and firing practice which Raeder wanted. For as he pointed out quite
reasonably, they might easily be bombed and sunk while on these
practices. </span><br />
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">
</span><br />
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Raeder flew back to Berlin
and passed the whole matter over to Naval Group West in Paris. Although the operation would be under
the immediate command of Vice-Admiral Otto Ciliax who commanded the Brest ships flying his flag in <i>Scharnhorst, </i>Naval
Group West in Paris
was responsible for all operational directions.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The Commander-in-Chief of Naval Group
West was 59-year-old General-Admiral Alfred Saalwächter. Fair-haired and
blue-eyed, he had an exceptional mind. Although smallish in height, he was
regarded in the German Navy as <i>riesengross</i>— "gigantic in
stature."</span><br />
<br />
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">A Prussian, born at Neusalz on the
River Oder, he had been a submarine commander in the First World war, but
although he had been awarded the Knight's Cross in 1940, he was no friend of
the Führer, with whom, like so many German admirals, he had had differences.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Between wars, Saalwächter had gone
round naval ports inspecting establishments and training personnel. He wrote a
standard book on naval warfare for the German Navy, <i>Seekriegsanleitung, </i>which
became the textbook for all officers.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">His headquarters—Naval Group West—were
in the Avenue Maréchal Faijolle, near the Bois de Boulogne.
It was a large, four-storied mansion
of Napoleon III period.
The only indications of its naval importance were two striped sentry boxes at
the entrance, each with a German sailor in blouse and gaiters carrying a rifle.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Saalwächter had a staff consisting of
about fifteen high-ranking naval officers, with several hundred petty officers
and technicians. On the upper floors of the mansion were the "cabins"
where the staff officers lived and took their meals. In the basement was a big
garage with a fleet of staff cars. The drivers were civilians, mostly white
Russians. Their leader, ironically enough, had been a Russian admiral in the
First World war.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">As there were few German troops in
metropolitan Paris
at that time Saalwächter's staff led a strange isolated life. They worked so
hard they often did not go out for days at a time but they always had seats at
the Paris Opera House because their chief liked opera. The only time
Saalwächter appeared relaxed was when he was stealing an evening from his
headquarters at the Opera.</span><br />
Mitch Williamsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14692138354674511017noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3460715245261839803.post-8307042829329230032015-09-10T08:33:00.002-07:002015-09-10T08:33:39.240-07:00Planning the “Dash” IV<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<br />
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">At the end of 1941 Admiral Otto
Ciliax, commander of the Brest squadron, was
away on Christmas leave in Germany.
He was not due back until the New Year. Ciliax—a product of the German: Naval
Academy at Flensburg—was
a tall, brusque black-haired man. He was a former captain of the <i>Scharnhorst
</i>and was not very popular. He was a notorious martinet and nick-named
"The Black Czar." When a staff officer saluted him and his hand did
not travel to his brow with regulation agility, a frown would come on Ciliax's
face as he returned his salute. A little bit later he would send a petty
officer over to him with a message, "The Admiral's compliments, <i>mein
kapitän, </i>but he would like to speak with you." Ciliax would say
angrily, "I just wanted to tell you I did not like your salute!" As
the Germans put it, he was a <i>"starker Mann!"</i></span><br />
<br />
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Another reason he was not popular was
that he could not delegate authority. In <i>Scharnhorst, </i>he and his staff
had an admiral's bridge immediately above Captain Hoffmann's navigational
bridge, and he was several times snubbed for giving orders on the running of
the ship literally over the captain's head.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">If Ciliax met an officer whom he did
not like the Admiral made him miserable. He suffered from stomach trouble and
was frequently in some pain, which may have played a part in his irascibility.
But with all his rough mannerisms he had dignity.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">His Chief of Staff, the calm
41-year-old, pipe-smoking Captain Hans Jürgen Reinicke, had heard about his
reputation before he joined him—so he was prepared. He swallowed what Ciliax
said to him in public but later sought him out privately and told him if things
continued in this manner he would put in for a. transfer. He had no more
trouble and Reinicke became one of the few officers who could handle him.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">On 30 December just after dinner an
urgent signal was brought to Reinicke aboard <i>Scharnhorst. </i>It was from
Naval Group West in Paris
ordering him to report there at 10 a.m. on New Year's Day. As the message said
Admiral Ciliax was also being ordered to report in Paris, he realized it was more than a routine
matter.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">It was too late to catch the evening
train to Paris
so he took one the next morning. It was evening when he arrived at the Gare
Montparnasse and crossed Paris to the Gare de
l'Est to meet Admiral Ciliax recalled from home leave in Germany by the
same cryptic message from Group West. It was not surprising that Ciliax, never
noted for his good temper, came off the train in one of his blacker moods.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">"What's this all about,
Reinicke?" he growled more than once. But his Chief of Staff could not
enlighten him. They would both have to wait for their appointment next morning.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">It was New Year's Eve. They had a
meal, split a bottle of champagne, and went to bed early.</span><br />
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The next morning they went to Group
West headquarters and waited in a conference room for Alfred Saalwächter. He
soon appeared with Admiral Schniewind, the new operational commander of the
German Navy. Saalwächter briskly told Ciliax and Reinicke the news—the Führer
wanted the three ships to leave Brest, proceed
to their German home ports and then to Norway for operations there.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">But Admiral Saalwächter revealed he
was worried about the fate of his great ships. After he told them of the
Führer's demands he asked for their frank opinions. He was trying to organize
expert opposition to dissuade the Führer. When Ciliax raised many objections
against Hitler's scheme, he told him to go away and put them in writing. After
Ciliax had written his detailed objections, Saalwächter forwarded them with his
own report to Raeder.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">He wrote: "I submit herewith
conclusions for the comprehensive scrutiny that has been ordered into the
question of the withdrawal of the Brest Group eastwards through the Channel.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">"The hazards applicable to a
voyage of battleships through the Channel eastwards are summed up at the end of
the outline.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">"I view these hazards as being
very great. I must for this reason alone give an urgent warning against it
being carried out.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">"On the 12 November I commented
that one single surprise move to the west by one or by several battleships was
feasible. But conversely, a move eastwards of the battleships is one combined
with <i>too </i>great a peril. Subsequent navigation through the Channel would
be rendered impossible because the element of surprise would have departed.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">"It can be executed only during
the period of the longest nights. It must be accompanied by control of the mine
situation and air preponderance in the Channel.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">"I do not take the view that the
new experiences in the East Asian theatre of war can be taken as proof of the
uselessness of battleships to abandon our warfare in the Atlantic.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">[The sinking of the <i>Repulse </i>and
<i>Prince of Wales </i>by Japanese aircraft.]</span><br />
<br />
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Our opponent does not think so, as the
unchanged characteristics of his heavy forces show.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">"I advocate, as I have always
done, the conception that the essential tasks of our battleships lie in the Atlantic.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">"Our numerical inferiority
affords us opportunities for success only by surprise offensive sorties
directed at the enemy's weak points which are to be found in his long Atlantic
supply routes, and not by continually facing with defensive action a greatly superior
enemy.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">"At this time the best
possibilities of success for the Brest Group lie in surprise action against
north to south convoys. The Brest Group's achievements already go to show that
the enemy feels and fears this threat and straightaway tries by air attacks to
rid himself of it.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">"This pressure can only be made
permanent if our battleship strength actually goes to sea. Yet even during the
long period of repairs the enemy can hardly foretell with exactitude when one
or several of the ships are able to pounce. Withdrawal of the Brest Group from
the Atlantic means releasing the enemy from
this strategic pressure.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">"The plan for tying down his
heavy naval forces in the Atlantic falls
apart. Maintenance of pressure on other theatres of war such as East Asia and
the Mediterranean must also stop. A
perceptible strengthening of English sea power in East Asia will follow,
thereby impeding Japan.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">"In addition to actual strategic
prizes, there is great prestige for our enemy. On the other hand there would be
a great loss of prestige for us which would be made far worse if the ships were
lost by the voyage through the Channel. Political consequences very damaging to
us and our allies are inevitable.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">"If our ships disappear from the Atlantic or from the Atlantic position people would
rightly talk about a 'lost battle'. Naval actions from Norway would
not make up for such a move.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">"We do not stand there on the Atlantic just for raiding possibilities against the enemy
supply routes. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">We threaten Scotland,
Iceland, the North Arctic
and Russia.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">"In the Norwegian harbours the
aerial danger and with it the stresses for the Luftwaffe would hardly be less.
The enemy at all times could by choice of place and time have greater
superiority. Liaison with any battleships in the Atlantic
would be impossible.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">"I am convinced that the problem
of the Atlantic position as it is at present cannot be gone back upon later. In
any case, it is clear that a "bringing back again" of the ships would
be enormously difficult.</span><br />
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">"Finally, there are indications
that if our ships withdrew from the Atlantic
after a lost battle, to appear again in home waters and remain there it would
be injurious to the psychology of our own ships' companies, of the entire Navy
and of the German people.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">"I am therefore convinced that it
would now be a very serious mistake by us at this time to withdraw the ships
from Brest in
their Atlantic position.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">"I consider their remaining
there, even though with heavy damage and lengthy repair times, is the correct
course.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">"There remains for consideration
only the slight relief of the Luftwaffe which would come about in Brest.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">"If the withdrawal plan of the
Brest Group to the East is adhered to, then examination might be made as to
whether <i>Prinz Eugen </i>should take part. By the cruiser remaining at Brest, at least a portion
of the present strategic operations of the Brest Group would remain in being to
confront our enemy.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">"I submit with this report
extracts from three letters of C-in-C of the ships (Ciliax), corresponding to
my point of view, which he sent me after the first conference on the matter in
Group West.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">"Should the question be put
through the Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Wehrmacht to the Navy: 'Break-out
or Disarm?' then I would say with a heavy heart that against the 'Break-out'
with its enormous risks, I would prefer temporary disarmament. For when the
fortunes of the day change the ordnance could be restored, whilst a loss of
these valuable ships and their crews could only bring damage without
benefit."</span><br />
<br />
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">It was a gloomy and defeatist document
and Hitler was to have none of it. He was concerned that the constant BAF
bombing was slowly fraying the fabric of crew morale.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Although unaware of Hitler's plan and
Saalwächter's strong objections, the BAF bombing of Brest increased in December. And for the
first time photographic planes revealed that all three ships seemed to be
preparing for sea.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">On Christmas Eve the Admiralty ordered
seven submarines to form an "iron ring" around the approaches to Brest.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The navigator of <i>Scharnhorst, </i>42-year-old
Helmuth Giessler, was on Christmas leave. When he went off, neither he nor any
other naval officers at Brest had any inkling
that Hitler was holding a pistol at Baeder's head demanding the ships leave Brest. At that time not
even Admiral Ciliax had the faintest suspicion of their fate.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Giessler came back from his leave on
the same day as Vice-Admiral Ciliax returned from the New Year's Day conference
with Admiral Saalwächter at Naval Group West in Paris. That evening Ciliax summoned him to his
cabin. As navigating officer of the flagship he was responsible for the whole
squadron so he had to be one of the first to be told about the plan. Ciliax
informed him in his usual brusque way about the proposed operation. He added
crisply, "Consider your needs and requirements, Giessler, and what
preparations you consider necessary. You have until morning!"</span><br />
<br />
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">With these words the Admiral dismissed
him. That night Giessler climbed into his bunk but did not get a wink of sleep.
He tossed about all night with the information racing through his brain.</span><br />
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">A voyage of these great battleships
through the narrow English Channel had been so
improbable that he had hardly looked at the Channel charts—he had never
considered them as waters where the <i>Scharnhorst </i>might sail. Now the
problem was how to obtain these charts without arousing gossip and suspicion.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Next morning he called Chief Petty
Officer Wehrlich to his cabin and handed him a list. "I require these
charts, of the Mediterranean and these charts
of Icelandic waters," he said. "Also these of the West African
coast." He also demanded pilot books of the Mediterranean
and everywhere else he could think of. Wehrlich kept bringing so much
navigational material that towards the end of the day he could hardly enter his
cabin for papers and books. Among this pile of material were his charts of the English Channel. In the middle of all his other requests,
Giessler had slipped in a casual order for them.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Giessler had an extra problem. He knew
Wehrlich was not experienced enough for the magnitude of his task—but
Wehrlich's predecessor, Lt. Johann Hinrichs was. He was the man he wanted at
his side to help plan this vital operation.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">He was now the skipper of a fleet of
mine-sweeping trawlers, but when Giessler explained the situation to Ciliax, a
puzzled Hinrichs received a secret signal posting him back to <i>Scharnhorst. </i>When
he arrived Giessler let him into the secret. During those January days they sat
together in the navigator's cabin. Giessler kept muttering to himself <i>"Ach
so," </i>and humming tunelessly as they pored over his charts. They worked
out the tides, times of darkness, depth of water, and the complete timetable
the ships must try and adhere to hour by hour on the voyage from Brest to
Wilhelmshaven.</span><br />
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">While Giessler was working out his
plan, unknown to him something happened which was to help him. On 2 January,
the Royal Navy's submarine "iron ring" faded away. High submarine
losses in the Mediterranean and a bottle-neck
in the training programme caused the "subs" to be withdrawn—and
surveillance left to the RAE</span><br />
Mitch Williamsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14692138354674511017noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3460715245261839803.post-53450751596064352042015-09-10T08:30:00.000-07:002015-09-10T08:30:11.258-07:00Planning the “Dash” V<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDkpzgJY_d2W7c-Ad2uBvvFEvgygMCk9Ce_FAvUPYLNQ4wYZQOj9O8hZKOtdqxTYN5-AI2kRFrBbSYlIJ6bO5jeaSM6HqhDHM-nMlkvW7pXjEENVh0yr0o-eJsFhDEKYLtWOmWvimBL8c/s1600/German+Fleet+Channel+Dash.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="256" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDkpzgJY_d2W7c-Ad2uBvvFEvgygMCk9Ce_FAvUPYLNQ4wYZQOj9O8hZKOtdqxTYN5-AI2kRFrBbSYlIJ6bO5jeaSM6HqhDHM-nMlkvW7pXjEENVh0yr0o-eJsFhDEKYLtWOmWvimBL8c/s400/German+Fleet+Channel+Dash.JPG" width="400" /></a></div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNDsQyYSejcbqqurBzXCP3i-KEby4eTrfeKidYgb3-dp28HIwtlkDVjRg_6UqZQzRfvKxOi079S894YqPf2gu3nZqSkGUHfA03RSc68PMC4Qo5ZPFQocpsgu0NX-j1hRcpBQovJoqqS5M/s1600/ww2mR160ChannelDash.GIF" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="265" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNDsQyYSejcbqqurBzXCP3i-KEby4eTrfeKidYgb3-dp28HIwtlkDVjRg_6UqZQzRfvKxOi079S894YqPf2gu3nZqSkGUHfA03RSc68PMC4Qo5ZPFQocpsgu0NX-j1hRcpBQovJoqqS5M/s400/ww2mR160ChannelDash.GIF" width="400" /></a></div>
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<br />
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Yet, as if to confirm Hitler's
attitude, at 8:30 p.m. on 6 January 1942, a RAF bomb burst against the hull of
the <i>Gneisenau </i>as she was lying in Number Eight Dock. Several yards of
her armour were ripped and two compartments were flooded.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">On 12 January, Admirals Raeder,
Saalwächter and Ciliax were summoned to Wolfs Lair for the final full-scale
conference. Raeder brought his Chief of Staff, Admiral Fricke, while Ciliax was
accompanied by Captain Reinicke, his own Chief of Staff, and Saalwächter by his
mine expert, Commodore Friedrich Rüge. The. Luftwaffe was represented by
Göring's Chief of Staff, Lt.-General Jeschonnek, accompanied by one of Germany's famous fighter aces, Col. Adolf
Galland, who had fought in the German Condor Legion in the Spanish Civil War
and was a veteran of the Battles of France and Britain.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">They arrived in a snowstorm at Wolfs
Lair. Lt.-General Jodl, Hitler's personal military adviser, who lived and
worked there, described the Führer's headquarters as "a cross between a
monastery and a concentration camp."</span><br />
<br />
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Hitler spent his days in a concrete
bunker with a 20-foot thick roof. It was a sealed box with no window and no
outlet to the open air. Next door was another similar concrete bunker used by
Hitler as his map room, where he stood waiting for them. After giving them the
Nazi salute he asked them to be seated round the big conference table.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">At Hitler's request, Raeder opened the
session, saying, "The question of the passage of the Brest Group through the
Channel has been examined by all agencies concerned. In the light of the
Führer's opinion, the German Fleet's primary task is to defend the Norwegian
coast and ports and, in so doing, it should use its might unsparingly. Since
you, <i>mein Führer, </i>informed me that you insist upon the return of the
heavy units to their home bases, I suggest that Vice-Admiral Ciliax report on
the details of how this operation is to be prepared and carried out, and that
Commodore Ruge subsequently report on the necessary mine-sweeping measures, to
enable you, <i>mein Führer, </i>to make the final decision afterwards."</span><br />
<br />
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Hitler replied: "The Naval Force
at Brest has,
above all, the welcome effect of tying up enemy air forces and diverting them
from making attacks upon the German homeland. But with our ships at Brest, enemy sea forces are tied up to no greater extent
than would be the case if the ships were stationed in Norway. If I
could see any chance that the ships might remain undamaged for four to five
months and, thereafter, be employed in operations in the Atlantic, I might be
more inclined to consider leaving them in Brest.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">"Since in my opinion such a
development is not to be expected, I am determined to withdraw the ships from Brest to avoid exposing
them to chance hits day after day. I fear that there will be a large-scale
British-Russian offensive in Norway.
I think that if a strong task force of battleships and cruisers, practically
the entire German Fleet, were stationed along the Norwegian coast, it could, in
conjunction with the German Air Force, make a decisive contribution towards the
defence of the area."</span><br />
<br />
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Then it was Ciliax's turn. "I
recommend the necessity of leaving Brest
under cover of darkness, taking maximum advantage of the element of surprise,
and of passing through the Straits of Dover in the daytime. This will make the
most effective use of the means of defence at our disposal."</span><br />
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Hitler agreed, saying, "I
emphasize particularly the surprise to be achieved by having the ships leave
after dark."</span><br />
<br />
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Ciliax said, "I must stress
emphatically that a very strong destroyer and fighter protection must be
provided on the day of the break-through itself from dawn to dusk."</span><br />
<br />
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">"I am aware of the decisive role
to be played by the Air Force in this enterprise," replied Hitler and
turned to Luftwaffe Chief of Staff, Lt.-General Jeschonnek, who said, "I
do not believe I will be able to provide constant unfailing protection for the
ships with the available 250 fighters which cannot possibly be
reinforced."</span><br />
<br />
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Even in the presence of the Führer he
was exhibiting the Luftwaffe's traditional reluctance to co-operate with the
Navy. But with Hitler's cold eyes upon him, Jeschonnek hastily promised to draw
on the existing night-fighter formation to provide dawn fighter protection.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Hitler then asked for opinions as to
the possibility of using the northern route saying, "I do not care which
route is selected by the Navy, if only it is successful in getting those ships
transferred to Norwegian waters."</span><br />
<br />
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The four Admirals explained that the
northern route was not suitable for several reasons. Baeder commented,
"The present disposition of enemy forces is against such a move; there are
two or three battleships and two aircraft-carriers in the Home Fleet. Moreover,
the German air forces would not be able to provide the necessary air
cover."</span><br />
<br />
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Commodore Buge, commanding the seaward
defences of the occupied French coast, including the mine-sweeping and
mine-laying forces, was asked to report. Buge was able to assure Hitler that
the menace from mines, always regarded as the main danger to forcing a passage
through the Channel, was not as bad as imagined.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Baeder, still unsure of the
Luftwaffe's full support, repeated his demands to the Air Force for a very
strong fighter cover. He also asked for attacks on enemy torpedo plane bases in
the early morning of the day of the break-through, and possibly a few days
earlier.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Lt.-General Jeschonnek replied
stiffly, "The constant air cover demanded will leave insufficient aircraft
for the heavy air battles that are sure to develop on the day of the
breakthrough. We may expect our fighter force to become very inferior in
strength—at least during the afternoon. Also our own anti-aircraft personnel
are susceptible to fatigue in the afternoon as experience has shown."</span><br />
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Col. Galland, who was to command the
Luftwaffe fighter cover, also offered his opinion, "The strong Spitfire
forces at the disposal of the British will render things difficult for the
long-range fighters which we are going to employ."</span><br />
<br />
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Raeder remarked that tide and daylight
would determine the timing of the operation. That was the reason the date could
not be changed. When he asked what should be done in case one or several ships
were unable to move on the date set, Hitler decided, "If two battleships
are in a position to move, they are to undertake the operation, if necessary
without the cruiser. If only one battleship and the cruiser can move, they must
do likewise. But in no case should the <i>Prinz Eugen </i>do so alone."</span><br />
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Then Hitler, cutting through both air
and naval objections, said briskly, "The ships must not leave port in the
daytime as we are dependent on the element of surprise. This means that they
will have to pass through the Dover Straits in the daytime. In view of past
experience I do not believe the British capable of making and carrying out
lightning decisions.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">"This is why I do not think they
will be as swift as is assumed by the Naval Staff and the Admiral Commanding
Battleships in shifting their bomber and pursuit forces to the south-eastern
part of England
for an attack on our ships in the Dover Straits.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">"Picture what would happen if the
situation were reversed!—if a surprise report came in that British battleships
have appeared in the Thames estuary and are heading for the Straits of Dover.
In my opinion, even we would hardly be able to bring up air pursuit forces and
bomber forces swiftly and mediodically."</span><br />
<br />
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">He added dramatically, "The
situation of the Brest Group is comparable with that of a cancer patient, who
is doomed unless he submits to an operation. An operation, even though it might
be a drastic one, will offer at least some hope that the patient's life may yet
be saved. The passage of our ships through the Channel would be such an
operation. It must therefore be attempted."</span><br />
<br />
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Finally Hitler said, "Nothing can
be gained by leaving the ships at Brest.
Should the Brest Group manage to escape through the Channel, however, there is
a chance that it might be employed to good advantage at a later date. If the
ships remain at Brest
their ability to tie up enemy air forces may not continue for long. As long as
they are in battle-worthy condition they will constitute worthwhile targets,
which the enemy will feel obliged to attack. But the moment they are seriously
damaged—and this may happen any day—the enemy will discontinue his attacks. In
view of all this and in accordance with the suggestion of the C-in-C Navy I
decide that the operation is to be prepared as proposed."</span><br />
<br />
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">That was it. After the conference
Hitler entertained his admirals and generals at dinner in the concrete shelter
where he lived. He ate frugally as usual but was more genial than anyone had
seen him for a long time. He said, almost jovially, "You will find that
this operation will turn out to be our most spectacular naval success of the
war."</span><br />
<br />
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">He revealed his only doubt—would the
Luftwaffe manage it? He realized that Galland with his fighters was the key
figure in the operation. Saying good-bye to him he asked quietly, "Do you
think they will bring it off?" When Galland assured him he thought they
would he dismissed him with a rare smile.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The decision was made. Far from
dismantling the great ships the Germans were to fight them through the English Channel in daylight. An attempt like this had not
been made by an enemy of England
for over three centuries—since the Spanish Armada of 1588.</span><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="http://www.scharnhorst-class.dk/scharnhorst/history/scharncerberus.html" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-AU">LINK</span></a></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU"><br /></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="http://www.operations.mod.uk/onthisday/newsItem_id=1451.htm" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-AU">LINK</span></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-AU"><br /></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="http://www.navweaps.com/index_oob/OOB_WWII_Atlantic/OOB_WWII_Cerberus.htm" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-AU">LINK</span></a></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU"><br /></span></div>
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<a href="http://uncleted.jinak.cz/altcamp1.htm#cTbolt" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-AU">LINK</span></a></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU"><br /></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="http://www.ipmsstockholm.org/magazine/2006/06/stuff_eng_photo_scharnhorst_gneisenau.htm" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-AU">LINK</span></a></div>
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Mitch Williamsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14692138354674511017noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3460715245261839803.post-11830617179477316312015-08-10T04:55:00.002-07:002019-11-17T18:02:49.567-08:00The battleships BISMARK and TIRPITZ<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWyVYFzPuYedAlOU1WqAA5oMVqQedG0bHjvCRBHVcfVzho-CuTD4vMOQXiuF3AY271qv4l9tWQ1YmmGzgRwHjIPIYiWnm9Q5kTnXoDLfhWeMxhAWKih0-LdYhx-0CLzo2ChHIsEtktlGk/s1600/81525_1158567606_large.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="247" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWyVYFzPuYedAlOU1WqAA5oMVqQedG0bHjvCRBHVcfVzho-CuTD4vMOQXiuF3AY271qv4l9tWQ1YmmGzgRwHjIPIYiWnm9Q5kTnXoDLfhWeMxhAWKih0-LdYhx-0CLzo2ChHIsEtktlGk/s400/81525_1158567606_large.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<i><b>The battleships BISMARK and TIRPITZ by <a href="http://eross.cgsociety.org/art/battleship-lightwave-3d-tirpitz-bismarck-eross-erossdesign-battleships-bismark-406350" target="_blank">Eric Rossignol</a></b></i></div>
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Prior to the First World War, the naval construction race
between Germany and Britain saw two nations leap-frogging each other as their
naval architects sought to create bigger and better battleships. Faced with
British industrial might, the Germans, who on the whole produced better ships,
found they could not win the numbers game. More than two decades on, Plan Z could
not hope to fully match the British, who had a head start due to their large,
if mostly elderly, extant battle fleet. </div>
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Barred by the Anglo-German Naval
Agreement from creating a fleet more than thirty-five per cent of the Royal
Navy’s size, the Germans decided to go for quality rather than quantity. They
achieved their aim without protest, because the British refused to believe the
biggest of the new warships – Bismarck and Tirpitz – were intended to contest
the open seas upon which the empire’s trade flowed. In that way the Germans
pulled off a masterly deception, even if they received a lot of help from their
future enemy in doing so.</div>
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<br /></div>
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Using the Washington Treaty and the later London naval
conference as its guide to fair play, the Anglo-German Naval Agreement limited
Britain’s next generation of battleships to 35,000 tons and it was expected the
Germans would do the same. The head of the Kriegsmarine, Admiral Erich Raeder
told his naval architects to create a battleship that would in reality displace
45,000 tons (standard), but in July 1936 the official figure handed over to the
British was 35,000 tons, with a beam of 118ft and a draft of 26ft. The
principal weapon would allegedly be the 14.8-inch gun. In reality, the Germans
armed Bismarck and Tirpitz with eight 15-inch guns as primary armament, with
twelve 5.9-inch guns as secondary, plus sixteen 4.1-inch, sixteen 37mm and thirty-six
20mm anti-aircraft guns. The UK’s Director of Naval Construction assessed that
such a broad beam and shallow draught indicated the main theatre of operations
for Germany’s ‘Battleship F’ (the future Bismarck) would be the Baltic, in
other words against the Russians, something with which some senior naval
officers agreed. By early 1937 there were those in the Naval Intelligence
Division who argued the Germans were probably lying about the new battleship’s
dimensions – that she had more displacement, deeper draught, bigger guns and
was generally much larger, probably indicating an ability for deep ocean
raiding and the endurance to match. Such views were politically inconvenient in
an era of appeasing Hitler.</div>
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<br /></div>
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It was easier to invest blind faith in the Germans keeping
their side of the bargain. The British have a habit of playing things straight
when others might be cheating because it’s the done thing, the honourable
course. Scrutinizing the reality of Bismarck’s design might have led to the
conclusion that Britain should also cheat, but that would not do. Better not to
look too closely.</div>
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<br /></div>
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It was also easier on the public finances. Hitler, who left
the technical details of warship construction to his admirals, saw the
Anglo-German Naval Agreement as worthwhile only because, in promising not to
rival the Royal Navy’s supremacy, Germany could build up a navy that would at
least be big enough to counter French maritime power and also, of course, to
support territorial ambitions in Eastern Europe.</div>
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<br /></div>
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In this way the British agreed to allow Germany five capital
ships, a pair of aircraft carriers, twenty-one cruisers and sixty-four
destroyers, plus a sizeable number of U-boats. By being so generous they of
course permitted the Germans to build the very warships that would prove to be
the Royal Navy’s biggest worry in May 1941. Bismarck was laid down in July
1936, her sister ship, Tirpitz, that October. Bismarck was, in reality, almost
814ft long and 118ft wide, with a deep load draught of more than 34ft. Even her
standard displacement of nearly 41,700 tons – not including fuel oil, feed
water for boilers and ammunition – was, of course, a flagrant breach of the
Anglo-German Naval Agreement. Bismarck’s fully loaded displacement was 50,900
tons, though the British did not know that until after the war.</div>
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<br /></div>
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In late December 1936, in a report intended to be seen by
the Foreign Office – also copied to DNI as well as C-in-C of the Home Fleet –
Captain Troubridge expressed a suspicion there was some kind of bid to outwit
the British. He wrote: ‘The Anglo-German naval agreement was one of the
masterstrokes of policy, which have characterized Germany’s dealings with her
ex-enemies since the war. When the time is ripe, as history shows, it will
unquestionably go the same way as other agreements; but the time is not yet.’
However, the final sentence of this passage was not conveyed back to the
Foreign Office, possibly because the Ambassador, Sir Eric Phipps, thought
Troubridge should restrict his comments to naval matters, rather than
speculating on political intent. </div>
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<br /></div>
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Nevertheless, the DNI saw it, as did C.-in-C.
Home Fleet. The Royal Navy was of course subject to the direction of the
democratically elected government of the day, and neither the government, nor
the British people was minded to pick a fight with Germany over its naval
intentions. After the Second World War, Troubridge was asked by the wartime DNI
himself, Rear-Admiral John Godfrey, why he did not flag up more prominently his
concerns over where the Kriegsmarine’s expansion plans might be headed.
Troubridge responded that while he had initially remained open-minded, though
still wary, he hoped the Germans genuinely intended sticking to the
restrictions. That they did not became obvious after Bismarck’s launch.
Troubridge told Godfrey that a British diplomat based in Hamburg assessed
Bismarck was ‘drawing a good deal more than she should’. The truth is that
while the Royal Navy would have been quite open to the idea that the Germans
were breaking the rules, the political leadership did not want to rock the
boat. When Britain guaranteed Poland’s security on 31 March 1939, Hitler
responded within weeks by applying ‘untragbar’ to the naval agreement and
tearing it up, leaving the British with new battleships that abided by
limitation treaties but were, on an individual basis, inferior to Bismarck.</div>
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Faced with two battleships, a pair of battlecruisers under
construction, and three pocket battleships – each displacing around 16,000 tons
(deep load) and armed with six 11-inch guns – already commissioned into
service, between April 1933 and January 1936, the Royal Navy decided that
despite Germany having nearly defeated Britain through unrestricted submarine
warfare in the First World War, the main threat still lay in surface raiders.
Funds were funnelled towards modernizing elderly, First World War-era capital
ships and building new cruisers and battleships. Since the First World War the
British had built only two new battleships, Rodney and Nelson (both laid down
in 1922). Stunted in appearance, with a trio of massive gun turrets, each of
which mounted three 16-inch guns, all placed forward, they were nevertheless effective,
despite brutish lines and slow speed. The principal British naval aim was
domination of the North Atlantic and Mediterranean, to secure those zones from
the depredations of surface raiders and keep open supply routes and connections
to far-flung parts of the empire. As the menace of Fascism grew through the
1930s, even the pacifist British public and parsimonious governments of the day
found they could not ignore the need for new battleships. Initially, because
the King George V Class battleships were designed to abide by naval limitation
treaties, they were planned with a displacement of 35,000 tons. But the lapsing
of those agreements ultimately gave naval architects an opportunity to be
somewhat more ambitious, and so their displacement rose by another 5,000 tons.
Unfortunately, because the design had originally played by the rules, the
14-inch gun was retained. Upgrading the main armament would have meant going
back to the drawing board and, with the drumbeat to war sounding loudly, that
simply was not possible. At 745ft long, with a beam of 103ft, the King George V
Class ships were 68ft shorter and 15ft narrower than Bismarck and Tirpitz. The
deep load displacement of 42,076 tons was less than the German battleships,
although it was believed until after the Second World War that the
Kriegsmarine’s new battlewagons were about the same displacement as the Royal
Navy’s. With belt armour of 15 inches (maximum), the British ships were also,
overall, less heavily protected than Bismarck and Tirpitz. With a top speed of
28 knots, they were one knot slower. Prominent among those urging creation of a
new breed of ocean-going monsters in the early 1930s was Winston Churchill,
who, as First Lord of the Admiralty a quarter of a century earlier, presided over
the RN during the final years of its pre-First World War naval build-up. As war
clouds gathered, he experienced many sleepless nights wondering if the British
navy would manage to keep its lead over the Kaiser’s fleet. Now, despite all
the blood and treasure spent in the early part of the century, Britain was once
more involved in a naval arms race. The interwar treaties had merely postponed
the inevitable settling of scores incubated by the unsatisfactory settlement at
Versailles. Throughout his wilderness years (1929–1939), when no British
government would listen to his dire warnings of a gathering storm, Churchill
kept in touch with the Admiralty, which tolerated his forthright advice and
lobbying on ship construction matters. The former First Lord of the Admiralty
gave the Navy a voice in Parliament, even if it was rarely heeded, at a time
when many in government doubted the whole point of the RN. Its bitter enemies
included the upstart Royal Air Force, which had gained control of the naval air
arm and suffocated maritime aviation ambitions in case they drew scarce funds
away. </div>
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When the government of the day reluctantly ordered new battleships,
Churchill immediately offered strident advice to the Admiralty. Some of it was
not entirely welcome, in particular his criticism of the decision to opt for
14-inch guns, which were smaller in calibre to those mounted in the new
Japanese and American ships. Even the Queen Elizabeth Class battleships
Churchill had been midwife to more than two decades earlier packed the punch of
a 15-inch gun. He stated in a letter of August 1936 to Sir Samuel Hoare, First
Lord of the Admiralty: ‘It is terrible deliberately to build British
battleships costing £7,000,000 apiece that are not the strongest in the world.’</div>
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<br /></div>
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Originally the King George V Class were to have a dozen
14-inch guns, which Churchill thought gave a weighty punch that offset the
smaller calibre. However, the ships were redesigned to take only ten 14-inch
guns. Churchill thought this a disaster, not only because it caused a delay in
getting them into service but also because the punch was, in his view, not
strong enough.</div>
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It was maintained by the Admiralty that, even so, the more
numerous 14-inch guns – ten of them rather than eight 15-inch or nine 16-inch –
had a faster rate of fire. The superior velocity and range of their shells
would give them a longer reach and greater penetrative power. Mr Churchill was
not persuaded. The former First Lord later grumbled that Britain gambled the
fortunes of the Navy, and control of the sea, on ‘a series of vessels, each
taking five years to build, which might well have carried heavier gun power.’
All ships of the King George V Class were laid down in 1937, but completion was
slowed due to Britain’s withered shipbuilding capacity, which was suddenly
burdened with not only constructing battleships, but also aircraft carriers,
destroyers, cruisers and submarines. The first of class, King George V, named
after the recently deceased monarch, was laid down on News Year’s Day 1937 and
launched in late February 1939, less than seven months before war broke out.</div>
Mitch Williamsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14692138354674511017noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3460715245261839803.post-73527168144244454432015-08-10T04:53:00.000-07:002015-08-10T04:53:00.231-07:00Germany’s Masterly Deception II<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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Prince of Wales, named after the prince who became Edward
VIII before abdicating in late 1936, was laid down the same day and went into
the water in May 1939. Duke of York, named in honour of the prince who became
King George VI following Edward’s abdication, was laid down in May 1937 and
would not be launched until February 1940. Two other ships of the class,
Jellicoe and Beatty, were also ordered. Named after the feuding admirals who
commanded the British fleets at the unsatisfactory Battle of Jutland during the
First World War, their names were subsequently changed, possibly to avoid
reminding a country on the brink of war that the Royal Navy’s magnificent
battleships could sometimes fail to utterly defeat an enemy. Jellicoe became
Anson, named after Admiral of the Fleet Lord Anson, an eighteenth century
swashbuckler, who circumnavigated the world on a raiding expedition and
reformed the Navy, introducing standard uniforms for officers and improving its
fighting efficiency. Beatty became Howe, to celebrate another legendary Admiral
of the Fleet, who, before Nelson, was the Royal Navy’s greatest hero in the
interminable wars against the French of the eighteenth century. Anson and Howe
would not be completed until 1942. By late 1940 only King George V had been
commissioned, with Prince of Wales racing towards completion. So, while five
British battleships were ordered, by the time Bismarck and Tirpitz were close
to commissioning only two of them were anywhere near readiness, with Rodney and
Nelson the most modern fully operational battlewagons the UK possessed on the
outbreak of war. The rest of the Royal Navy’s capital ships were a mixture of
reconstructed First World War-era or, worse, vessels hardly changed at all
since that conflict. The RN’s ships were also spread across the globe trying to
safeguard the Empire, while Germany could concentrate its smaller, but more
modern, surface fleet in home waters, ready to send out on raiding missions.
The likelihood of the Royal Navy having its capital ships, and enough of them,
in the right place at the right time to intercept German raiders was slim.
Therein lay the folly of the Anglo-German Naval Agreement. The Kriegsmarine had
been allowed thirty-five per cent of the British navy’s strength when in war it
was no easy matter for the Royal Navy to concentrate even that percentage of
its power in home waters to counter Germany. The situation was of course made
worse by the fact that Bismarck was potentially worth at least two British
battleships. Had they instead worked to enforce Versailles and the various
treaties restricting naval construction the British might have prevented, or at
least delayed further, the advent of Bismarck and her sister. They might have,
therefore, have bought time to rebuild old ships like Hood.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In spring 1941, contemplating how the Royal Navy might
contain Bismarck and Tirpitz, Churchill, who had become Prime Minister in May
1940 after a second stint as First Lord of the Admiralty, continued to view the
King George V Class battleships with dismay. They were ‘gravely undergunned’.10
Churchill, who was also Defence Minister, applied himself to considering how
the Admiralty’s pressing need to construct more warships, including a new class
of battleship armed with 16-inch guns, could be prioritized, bearing in mind
the competing demands for steel to build tanks for the Army. The first two
ships of the Lion Class – Lion and Temeraire – had been laid down just prior to
the war, but in October 1939 construction was halted. It was not likely to
resume, nor in the end would the final two ships of the class, Conqueror and
Thunderer, even be laid down. All that could be managed in the short-term was
completion of Duke of York, Anson and Howe; but work would begin by the end of
1941 on the one-off Vanguard, armed with second-hand 15-inch guns, some of
which had previously been mounted in the modernized First World War-era fast
battleships Warspite and Queen Elizabeth. The turrets themselves came from the
light battlecruisers Glorious and Courageous, having been in storage since the
early 1920s when these ships were converted to aircraft carriers. With no new
battleships realistically possible beyond the KGVs, the fact that Britain at
least possessed two 16-inch gun battleships must have been a source of comfort,
but also of anxiety. </div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Comfort, in that the Royal Navy at least had something to
outmatch Bismarck’s main fire power, but anxiety because the formidably
armoured Nelson and Rodney were so old and comparatively slow, with a top speed
of only around 22 knots. It is a poor state of affairs when your most heavily
armed battleships were first commissioned nearly two decades earlier. Due to
their age they needed constant dockyard attention to keep running. In early May
1941, Nelson was in the South Atlantic, having just undergone maintenance in
the dockyard at Durban, South Africa, while Rodney was due to leave Scotland
for Boston in the USA and a major refit.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The man in command of the main striking force expected to
intercept and kill Bismarck or Tirpitz if, and when, they attempted to break
out into the Atlantic was fifty-six-year-old Admiral John Tovey. As Commanding
Officer of Rodney in the early 1930s he knew full well the power of her 16-inch
guns and also the vulnerability of her worn-out boilers. With King George V as
his flagship, Tovey was also aware of the new battleship’s flawed main
armament. ‘Jack’ Tovey was no stranger to combat at sea. Having joined the
Royal Navy as an officer cadet at the age of fourteen, by the outbreak of the
First World War he had command of his own destroyer, winning the Distinguished
Service Order and a mention in dispatches for his tenacious command of HMS
Onslow during the Battle of Jutland.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Tovey commanded the cruisers and destroyers of the
Mediterranean Fleet during clashes with the Italians in the early part of the
Second World War. Promoted to command the Home Fleet in November 1940, he would
have a prickly relationship with Churchill, whom he felt was full of ‘bright ideas’
but was ‘most dangerous’ when he dabbled in matters of strategy and tactics.
For his part, Churchill regarded Tovey as ‘stubborn and obstinate’.</div>
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<br /></div>
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On Monday, 19 May 1941, Bismarck weighed anchor in the bay
at Gotenhafen, her sailors imbued with supreme confidence. Despite never having
been beyond the Baltic, the new Nazi battlewagon had already earned the
sobriquet ‘most powerful warship afloat’ and was now to attempt a breakout into
the Atlantic to prey on British shipping. In addition to Bismarck’s usual
complement of 2,065, there were eighty-two men belonging to the staff of
Admiral Lütjens aboard, plus 218 Luftwaffe aircrew and maintenance personnel
for the battleship’s four aircraft. When it came to the command team for the
imminent Rhine Exercise sortie, there was a stark division between the two
principal players: Captain Lindemann, Bismarck’s Commanding Officer, and
Lütjens. They had clashing personalities, described as ‘following orders’
(Lütjens) versus ‘obeying common sense’ (Lindemann). </div>
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<br /></div>
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Lütjens was not capable of
much empathy for those under his command – something he would later prove more
than once – and was also a fatalist, perhaps because he knew he could only
manage so many lucky escapes from the Royal Navy. In March 1941, Lütjens saw
Rodney’s menacing silhouette emerge out of the darkness as Gneisenau was
sinking a merchant ship in the northern Atlantic. The German battlecruiser
showed Rodney a clean pair of heels. Was fatalism born of such close shaves
really the right attitude for a man entrusted with the most important ship in
the German fleet, a symbol of the power of the Nazi armed forces essential to
the high morale of the nation? And was it right for him to expect the same
mindset from Bismarcks eager, raw crew? Lütjens let them know from the outset
they would either succeed or die. With little collective experience of naval
warfare, Bismarck’s sailors probably did not comprehend how horrific the
sacrifice might be, at least not on board their brand new battleship, which
seemed invulnerable. The presence of Lütjens at the head of the mission already
filled some men in Bismarck with pessimism. They recognized he had achieved
some notable successes, but ‘his reputation on the lower deck was by no means
enviable’. </div>
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<br /></div>
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Furthermore, ‘His command in Gneisenau was marked by a chain of
misfortunes and the superstitious had come to regard him as a Jonah. This
reputation had followed him to Bismarck, producing, in consequence, a
depressing atmosphere.’ When she left Gotenhafen, Bismarck’s newly commissioned
sister ship, Tirpitz, took her place in port, an attempt to fool British
reconnaissance flights into thinking the former had not yet sailed. However,
Bismarck was spotted leaving the Baltic by the Swedish cruiser Gotland, and
this information swiftly leaked to Captain Henry Denham, the British Naval
Attaché in Stockholm.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
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Had Gneisenau suffered at the hands of Rodney during
Lütjens’ previous raiding sortie it might well have persuaded Adolf Hitler to ban
any further such adventures by his capital ships. Notwithstanding the brush
with Rodney, the success of the sortie by Gneisenau and Scharnhorst contributed
to the German fleet’s decision to send out Bismarck just over two months later.
Gneisenau and Scharnhorst were by May 1941 lurking at Brest, alongside the
heavy cruiser Admiral Hipper. Exercise Rhine originally involved the two
battlecruisers making a foray from Brest at the same time as Bismarck and Prinz
Eugen, the operation due to start at the end of April. However, the refit of
Scharnhorst would take longer than thought, while Gneisenau was torpedoed
during a daring RAF raid on the Brest Roads and then damaged during British
bombing of the port’s dry docks. Further misfortune struck when Prinz Eugen
suffered mechanical problems. The Prinz Eugen was one of three German heavy
cruisers that were far superior to any British ship armed with the same guns –
8-inch main armament – with the exception of the recently reconstructed cruiser
London. Completed at Kiel in August 1940, Prinz Eugen was named after the
Austro-Hungarian Prince Eugene of Savoy, who defeated the Ottoman Turks at
several battles in the eighteenth century. Hitler was another Austrian with
hopes of victories in the East. The name was also intended to carry on the
spirit of the Austro-Hungarian Navy, which had ceased to exist with the end of
the empire that used to rule the Adriatic from landlocked Vienna via control of
the Dalmatian coast. The previous ship to carry the name had been a 20,000-ton
battleship of the Austrian fleet, which, following defeat of the Central Powers
in the First World War, was awarded to France. She was used as a target ship,
the combined fire of four French battleships eventually sinking her off Toulon
in the summer of 1922. Well-designed, the Kriegsmarine’s Prinz Eugen gracefully
cut her way through heavy seas, keeping her forecastle clean. Possessing
similar lines to Bismarck, except of course on a smaller scale, her
vulnerability was a high-pressure steam propulsion system that was prone to
break down. Like Bismarck, the Prinz Eugen’s design was a cheat – meant to
displace 10,000 tons, her actual deep load displacement was 18,700 tons. A lot
of this went into her impressive protection, with more than an inch of upper
deck armour and an armoured deck inside the ship that was two inches thick.
Despite this she had a top speed of more than 32 knots. With a standard
complement of 1,600, which was more men than it took to run a British
battleship, Prinz Eugen in May 1941 was commanded by Captain Helmuth Brinkman. </div>
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He told his sailors at the commissioning of Prinz Eugen the previous summer:
‘We are a happy ship and we are a lucky ship – but in the long run luck comes only
to those who deserve it.’ Luck was an essential element of high-seas raider
warfare, for the longer a German warship could avoid the tentacles of the Royal
Navy, the better to cause distress and damage to the British war effort. As the
exploits of the Admiral Graf Spee had shown in 1939, even the mere possibility
of a singleton high-seas raider on the loose in the Atlantic and Indian oceans
was enough to sow confusion and chaos in shipping lanes across the globe.
Sailing times for convoys were disrupted and the Royal Navy found its resources
stretched to the limit in both protecting merchant shipping and forming hunting
groups. The success of Graf Spee and her sister ship Admiral Scheer in picking
off merchant ships and the success of Gneisenau and Scharnhorst later, combined
with the depredations of U-boats, were real threats to the Atlantic lifeline
that sustained Britain. With America and Russia still neutral, Britain fought a
lonely, losing battle against the Germans, who were triumphant on land
everywhere, if not always at sea or in the air. The Kriegsmarine hoped that if
it was able successfully to stage a surface raider breakout into the Atlantic,
then the British might realize their domination of the seven seas was over.
Their national morale would be dealt a fatal blow, the population at large would
be under threat of starvation, and those who favoured a negotiated peace with
Germany might win the argument. The rest of the world not under Nazi dominion
might well write Britain off and accommodate Hitler’s desires for economic and
territorial domination of Europe.</div>
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The war would be over.</div>
Mitch Williamsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14692138354674511017noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3460715245261839803.post-13080359457615447352015-08-10T04:48:00.000-07:002015-08-10T04:48:00.918-07:00Radar Use: Bismarck and Prinz Eugen, 1827 May 1941 <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCeq1bd2UN4n8KYZN1m_hvAm-Ug6CQLt-AJUmgy-nCrbKInhaY6cbNFy8m4BfNSuy9MQt6xXjIVigloeoA9UhEhlR-DY8cbgtAi2sBb3wp7KSpquS4_GY6Gvdtp4RuySrCzrnFXylBvzM/s1600/prinzeugenyelbismarckmi.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="270" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCeq1bd2UN4n8KYZN1m_hvAm-Ug6CQLt-AJUmgy-nCrbKInhaY6cbNFy8m4BfNSuy9MQt6xXjIVigloeoA9UhEhlR-DY8cbgtAi2sBb3wp7KSpquS4_GY6Gvdtp4RuySrCzrnFXylBvzM/s400/prinzeugenyelbismarckmi.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Portrait of Bismarck and Prinz Eugen during the Battle of the Denmark
Strait by Michel Guyot. (<a href="http://www.maritimequest.com/store/michel_guyot_art.htm" target="_blank">Image courtesy of Michel Guyot</a>) © Michel Guyot all
rights reserved</i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Late in the evening of 18 May 1941 two new units of Raeder's
surface fleet left their Baltic port after completing careful shakedown cruises
and training. They were the 15 inch battleship Bismarck and her consort, the 8
inch heavy cruiser Prinz Eugen. The former was named for the chancellor whose
foreign policies had made friendship with England a vital element, attained by
avoiding naval and colonial rivalry. The latter was named for the
comrade-in-arms of Winston Churchill's ancestor, John Churchill, 1st Duke of
Marlborough, Eugen's partner in a long and successful struggle by the Germans
and the British against Louis XIV's attempts to subjugate Europe. Both ships
were the ultimate of naval architecture. Both were equipped with Seetakt; both
had special radar rooms as a part of the original design. Their assignment was
commerce raiding under the command of Admiral Lütjens. More was expected of them
than of previous surface actions, for with their armor, speed and radar they
would be difficult to stop, an opinion shared in Berlin and London.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Previous surface raiding had found the Royal Navy radar poor
and the raiders making good use of their own. Now the balance was to swing in
the other direction with the Royal Navy, Coastal Command and the Fleet Air Arm
radar equipped to some extent. The exact time and route of the pair were not
known to the Admiralty, but the break-out was no surprise, and a significant
reception was prepared.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
On the 21st the two were sighted at Bergen by air
reconnaissance. That observation had been followed up on the following day in
near-impossible flying weather, and the harbor was found to be empty. The two
had sailed for the Denmark Strait, at the time about two-thirds blocked by ice
and with most of the remainder the recent depository of 6100 mines. Retreating
ice had left a safe passage that Seetakt easily traced, allowing them to avoid
the floating bergs as well as the pack ice even in the deep fog that kept
British non-radar air patrols from sighting them.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The cruiser Suffolk had received one of the first two 7.5 m
type 79Zs in May 1939, later upgraded to type 279, and now was also equipped
with the 50 cm type 284 radar for directing the fire of her main armament. She
waited at her station at the exit of the mine field. The cruiser Norfolk, which
patrolled 80 km to the west, had only the 1.5 m fixed-antenna type 286M, the
one that required swinging ship for direction.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
At 1920 hours on the 23rd the Suffolk and the Bismarck
sighted one another visually as the latter broke briefly from a fog bank. The
type 284 transmitter tubes were pushed to the limit to gain the needed power at
such short wavelength; this normally allowed operation for only a couple of
hours at a time, not too restrictive for gun-laying but hardly suitable for
searching. The vertical lobe structure of the 7.5 m set precluded using it for
surface search except at very close range. It was the intermittent use required
to conserve the 284 that caused the British sighting to be visual. Suffolk
scurried for fog before 15 inch shells could be sent her way, got off a
sighting report and began tracking the big ship with the 50 cm type 284.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The Bismarck, whose two 80 cm sets were not restricted in
duration of operation, had located the Suffolk both with radar and underwater
sound before the visual sighting. Fortunately for the cruiser the Seetakt did
not incorporate lobe switching and thus could not direct blind fire, having a
directional accuracy of only 5°. Because of iced insulators on the radio
antenna the Suffolk's first sighting report was received only by the Norfolk
and the Prinz Eugen, where it was promptly decoded. The Norfolk soon had a
glimpse of the battleship and narrowly escaped a salvo of heavy shells. The
shock of gunfire had the effect of knocking out the forward Seetakt to
Lütjens's great displeasure, so Prinz Eugen had to lead, as both her radars
still functioned. The Suffolk managed to keep her quarry in optical or radar
sight and hold the Norfolk close with radio. The Admiralty soon learned of the
chase and dispatched the new battleship Prince of Wales and the flagship Hood
to intercept. They met the enemy early in the morning of the 24th, despite the
Suffolk having lost contact a few hours before. Vice Admiral L E Holland,
commanding the squadron, ordered complete radio silence for his ships,
including radar, until the German ships were sighted, his fear being that with
their greater speed the Germans could escape if alerted.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The Hood was the finest of that most unfortunate kind of
warship, the battle cruiser. As large as a battleship with guns as heavy, it
sacrificed armor to gain speed. It was a stylish idea in naval circles before
the demonstration that a 5 knot difference in speed did not matter to
well-aimed projectiles that easily penetrated thin steel. Three ships of this
type had disappeared in the Battle of Jutland in catastrophic explosions. (The
German battle cruisers Scharnhorst and Gneisenau traded gun power for speed
rather than armor plate, having only 11 inch artillery, small for
battleship-class vessels.)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The Hood had a type 279M air warning radar and a type 284
gun-laying set, but radar did not protect her from the first salvos of the two
German ships, and she blew up in a mighty explosion, the presumed consequence
of a heavy shell penetrating her thin deck armor and detonating the magazines.
The German optical fire control was up to the same high standards it had so
startlingly demonstrated in action in the North Sea in the previous war and the
Bismarck's defective radar was not missed.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The Prince of Wales had a 3.5 m type 281 air warning set and
nine fire control radars, but the ship was so new that civilian workmen were
still on board, as bad luck would have it, because of problems with the main
armament. She was also so new that the gunnery officers had not incorporated
radar into their procedures. The radar officer reported accurate ranges
throughout the brief fight, but they were not used in calculating gun orders,
and it was only the sixth salvo that had the correct range. So it came to pass
that in the first encounter of big-gun ships equipped with radar the use of the
new technique is enveloped in fog: the forward German set on which the First
Gunnery Officer would have relied was dead, and the British set was ignored.
What the Hood did will remain unknown, but her first salvo was not on
target.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The Prince of Wales developed serious malfunctions in her
artillery and sustained enough damage to cause her to withdraw behind a smoke
screen. The Bismarck had unintentionally begun replacing fuel oil with seawater
though retaining a speed of 28 knots. Why Lütjens did not pursue and very
likely sink the Prince of Wales is a puzzle few have understood. At this point
the Bismarck was sufficiently damaged that commerce raiding without repair was
not possible, and sinking the two most powerful ships of the Royal Navy would
have certainly justified the attempt. Lütjens detached the Prinz Eugen to
proceed independently to the south and began a straight run for the safety in
the Bay of Biscay.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Now the Bismarck was pursued by an ever growing assortment
of very heavy ships with the Suffolk again doggedly tracking, but on the 25th
she lost radar contact, the almost certain consequence of the intermittent use
required of the 284. Lütjens was so impressed with the ability of the Suffolk
to follow that he broke radio silence to inform his chief of the radar
capability of which he had not been informed and the range capability of which
he greatly overestimated. The overestimation probably resulted from
navigational errors of one or both ships, as Lütjens compared his calculated
position with the continual flow of messages that the Suffolk was transmitting.
Lütjens's message allowed British radio-direction finders to get a rough idea
of his position, but at the time he incorrectly thought he was being held fast
by British radar.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
This incident is linked to reports that the Bismarck had a
passive radar receiver and had monitored the tracking. If so, it must have been
an experimental set of which there is no other record [14], and the passive
receivers that first came into use more than a year later would not have
responded to 50 cm waves. It is plausible that the radar operators, presumably
briefed on British use of long waves, picked up on communications receivers
some of the abundant 7.5 m transmissions, which they would have recognized as
radar. Given the circumstances it is unlikely that they would have realized
that this equipment was incapable of observing them at the ranges
involved.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
A sighting through the swirling clouds over a rough sea by a
Catalina flying boat equipped with ASV mark II established the Bismarck's
position accurately enough for the cruiser Sheffield to be ordered to pick her
up with the type 79Y radar, if possible. At this point aircraft from the
carriers Victorious and Ark Royal were decisive. Both were equipped with the
famous Swordfish biplanes, slow but very tough and possessed of a remarkably
long range and a deceiving agility, if not encumbered with torpedo or bomb.
They probably sank more tonnage than any other torpedo bomber during the war
and were valuable participants until the very end. We shall return to them when
describing action in the Mediterranean, the high point of the Swordfish's
service.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
One of the Swordfish from each carrier was equipped with ASV
mark II, and green fliers from the Victorious, which had not had time to work
up her crews, even to allow them to practice take-off and landing from the
deck, found the target and got an ineffective hit on the armor belt. The first
attack by 14 planes from the much more experienced Ark Royal went after the
shadowing Sheffield instead, of whose presence they had not been informed, but
their torpedoes missed. Their next attack of 15 planes found the Bismarck with
radar in conditions of 'low rain cloud, strong wind, stormy seas, fading
daylight and intense and accurate enemy gunfire'. One torpedo struck the armor
belt, another jammed the steering gear, and with that the great ship was
doomed. The radar that found the target also found the home ship, and all 15
aircraft returned, to be sure with wounded crewmen, perforated fabric and three
crash landings.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
With the stricken ship no longer able to reach the
protective cover of land-based bombers, dawn came as a death sentence to be
executed by the battleships Rodney ordered to the spot with a deck cargo for
installation in America and 300 passengers and the King George V. Accurate
fire, soon delivered at close range, destroyed the ship that refused to
surrender. There are several accounts of this famous battle. The reader is
advised to read the one by the Bismarck's Adjutant and Fourth Gunnery Officer
and that of the under-water explorer who found the wreck in 1989.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The sinking of the
Bismarck put an end to German surface raiding with large ships. Even without
that dramatic climax it was becoming increasingly obvious that it simply did
not pay. The Scharnhorst cost as much to build as 100 submarines, required a
huge crew and elaborate supply, and was not immune to sinking. There was an
attempt by the pocket battleship Lützow to renew raiding, but her sortie of 10
June 1941 was countered by a torpedo-plane attack that sent her back to Kiel
for months of repair. When Hitler attacked the Soviet Union, he required many
of his surface units for the Baltic. The disguised raiders continued until the
Royal Navy removed them, their tankers and supply ships from the seas. Commerce
raiding would be left to the U-boats of Konteradmiral Karl Dönitz, and all
traces of romance disappeared.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The use by the Kriegsmarine in 1939-1941 of Seetakt was a
most impressive consequence of the power of pure radar, the result of a naked
radar set mounted on a ship for which no thought had been given as to what its
exact tactical function was to be. The naval personnel received little
training, but the set was simply ideal for a commerce raider. It was the kind
of thing that every alert officer recognized when he first encountered it the
torpedo officer of the Hipper a conspicuous exception. Application came
immediately and instinctively. There is no evidence of captains considering
radar as just 'an interesting device'; they regarded its malfunction to be a
major problem for which they demanded the delivery of spare parts by special
ship and submarine.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
It had not been planned that way by Raeder. On first seeing
a radar demonstration he was impressed enough not to interfere but cautioned
Kühnhold that his primary research mission was under-water sound. It was the
line officers who recognized the new weapon for its value, and their use of it
in the few months of surface action was beyond criticism. Except for a
technically dull-witted command they could have had blind-fire directed gunnery
in 1938. German naval radar had a brilliant beginning that led nowhere.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Typical of the want of understanding at the top was the
vacancy of the position of Chef der Abteilung Entwicklung der Nachrichtenmittel
(Chief for Development of Signals) from November 1939 until April 1943!
Moreover it was not until mid-1941 that the Marine-Nachrichtendienst (Navy
Signals Service) was formed and with it a naval career specialty for radar,
Seetaktischer Funkmessdienst (Tactical Radar Service). Progress remained slow,
and Dönitz was to find his U-boats completely outclassed in either defensive or
offensive radar techniques.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
A comparison between the two navies offers instruction about
their respective use of radar 21 months into the war. The Germans had mounted a
prototype Seetakt in 1938, modified it in small ways, and haltingly made it
reliable aboard a warship, the obvious responses of competent engineers; it was
their only shipborne radar for months yet to come. Despite the Navy's
introduction of the equally good air-warning Freya, it was never taken to sea
except on vessels in the North Sea as part of the country's air warning system,
nor was the excellent gun-laying Würzburg used aboard ship to improve AA fire,
although GEMA soon adapted the Seetakt for dual purpose. The British by
contrast had by May 1941 almost a dozen different kinds of shipborne radar
installed, but it was not until the 10 cm type 271 appeared, with sea trials in
March and April 1941, that they had a surface-search set competitive with
Seetakt. In their hunt for the Bismarck only one shipborne radar set of the
entire pack of hounds was effective, and its inability to maintain continuous
search caused it to lose the target vessel at a critical moment, saved by the
splendid ASV mark II. It remains a puzzle that a naval command that gave high
priority to radar placed so little importance on surface search equipment. The
answer to the puzzle probably lies in Britain's approach to radar from the
long-wave side.</div>
Mitch Williamsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14692138354674511017noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3460715245261839803.post-77978252005859087692015-07-15T23:31:00.002-07:002015-07-15T23:31:21.868-07:00German Weather Units in Arctic<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0jPeS7uiMdqoZ5F9UQqy9bsv0KqprO1AXYO2efZ08h__Cv93-3u0vTnXnCZCuUsixREwv8dRHci3PCOh4ibLJ_c3OzIY5q_IOggIAsfeCA3D6r84MgkQBA-h7hzenGl0LsBAGTO9mGq8/s1600/weer.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="316" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0jPeS7uiMdqoZ5F9UQqy9bsv0KqprO1AXYO2efZ08h__Cv93-3u0vTnXnCZCuUsixREwv8dRHci3PCOh4ibLJ_c3OzIY5q_IOggIAsfeCA3D6r84MgkQBA-h7hzenGl0LsBAGTO9mGq8/s400/weer.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footnote text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footer"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of figures"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="envelope address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of authorities"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
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<br />
According to the Spitsbergen treaty, it is not allowed to keep military
forces on the island. After the German occupation of Norway, the population was
evacuated, this was done the 25th august 41 by a Canadian unit, the Russians
(2000) were shipped to Arkhangelsk, and the Norwegians (800) to England. In
April 42 a small force (British/Norwegan) was sent to Spitsbergen, 82 men, but
these were attacked by German planes. 12 dead, amongst them oblt Sverdrup, 15
wounded. Later a unit of 90 men, Norwegian soldiers, landed. They controlled
the "cities" of Barentsburg, Kapp Heer and Longyearbyen.This unit was
reinforced in 43, and with the exception of some attacks by planes & boats,
no fighting took place. On the 8 Sept 43, the ships "Tirpitz" and
"Scharnhorst" started shelling these cities. 9 destroyers put a force
of 900 Gebirgstruppen ashore. (the largest German ship-borne landing ever?). It
came to heavy fighting, and 9 Norwegians were KIA, 41 POW's. 105 men escaped in
the Mountains. The Germans burned all houses, and left for Altafjord again.<br />
<br />
The Germans landed a weather unit at Spitsbergen in 1941, transported by sub
U 377. This unit was 2 years on duty, but left the island in 44. There were
several attempts to land a weather unit on Greenland, and they succeeded august
42.This unit was picked up, and flown to Norway 17/6-43.A new unit landed (26
men), and was engaged by the Danish army. However, they left in 44, and despite
several attempts, the Germans never successfully landed any manned weather stations
on Greenland anymore. On the isle of Jan Mayen, the Germans placed a unmanned
station in 46. At Bear Island there was two Abwehr-units (1 Norwegian in
each),one of these was picked up in 46. (Rijp Fjord) The Germans had to rely on
weather observation ships and planes, because of allied activity!<br />
<br />
Operation 'Gauntlet' was codename for a mainly Canadian Commando raid on
Spitzbergen. The Canadian troops sailed on Royal Navy ships (rear Admiral Sir
Philip Vian in command) from Scapa Flow on 19 August 1941 and the raid took
place on on 3 Sept 1941. Main aim besides visible support to USSR
post-Barbarossa, was to destroy the coal mines. All coal stocks were destroyed
along with 3 colliers. Civilians were evacuated. On the way home the British
ships sank the German cruiser 'Brense' off Portangerfjord, Norway. There were
later skirmishes, on 6/8 Sept 1943 the Tirpitz, Schanarnhorst and 10 DDs raided
the island (Unternehmen Zitronella). <br />
<br />
A British task force with the purpose to: attack German ships in
the Kirkenes - Petsamo area, and second to check if Spitsbergen was occupied by
the Germans. The British leading ships were "Aurora" and
"Nigeria", and the did sink German "Bremse". Two ships with
1 500 Gebirgsjäger from 6.Gebirgsdivision managed to escape. The ships sailed
on to Spitsbergen, and landed a Norwegian officer, Lt Tamber (31.7.41). The
Norwegian government in London protested, because of the Spitsbergen Treaty,
and a British plan to land two Canadian Battalions was also denied by the
Norwegian government. The coal mines were partly destroyed during the
evacuation of the civilians (25.8.41)The purpose of the British/Norwegian force
(155 men) that landed in April 1942, was to act as field guard unit. Hitler gave
Göring orders to prepare an occupation, 16.5.43, but nothing came out of this.<br />
Mitch Williamsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14692138354674511017noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3460715245261839803.post-28638021670317595982015-07-15T23:25:00.003-07:002015-07-15T23:25:33.345-07:00German Raids on Grainville 1945<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLkm4Z4QjZ8Z-o5nEA62hc_QTI2KTqTANX0BdpaihwQ6x51eRHGlqJsGRq4ibfl8EQDx76dmQ_iO5sq85yX-uKDv_9o9EG8SiXNnu96PLsHxcEAxlaNHLgyvvD7ITnLMq0PkOABeQ2Z4s/s1600/R-Boote.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="253" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLkm4Z4QjZ8Z-o5nEA62hc_QTI2KTqTANX0BdpaihwQ6x51eRHGlqJsGRq4ibfl8EQDx76dmQ_iO5sq85yX-uKDv_9o9EG8SiXNnu96PLsHxcEAxlaNHLgyvvD7ITnLMq0PkOABeQ2Z4s/s400/R-Boote.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<i><b><br /></b></i>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<i><b><span class="irc_su" dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;">German R-type minesweepers operating near the coast of occupied France. </span></b></i></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<i><b><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjsFwnCMCLA39ZusKBBIJbQorFjJ1TDGuwROgU42mSH2N1RUTCkUI7IA0iNd3RtBUdZTaGf2ozhDzlOoPmHKBNzZrH18WNOCCV7mDkuA7B3ps5GtczPtjKs8CBU8FfkefSw468lZIVtZx4/s1600/300px-Granville-raid-decorations-Huffmeier.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="242" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjsFwnCMCLA39ZusKBBIJbQorFjJ1TDGuwROgU42mSH2N1RUTCkUI7IA0iNd3RtBUdZTaGf2ozhDzlOoPmHKBNzZrH18WNOCCV7mDkuA7B3ps5GtczPtjKs8CBU8FfkefSw468lZIVtZx4/s400/300px-Granville-raid-decorations-Huffmeier.jpg" width="400" /></a></b></i></div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<i><b><span class="irc_su" dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;"> 1945. Vice-Admiral Huffmeier decorates Germans involved in the raid on Granville</span></b></i></div>
<br />
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
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</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
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There were actually two main raids on Grainville after the
port had fallen in August of 1944, the first being on February 6th-7th, 1945,
and the second one month later on March 8th, 1945. The last raid took place
more than 500 miles behind enemy lines, and two months before the Third Reich
would surrender to the Allies! </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">For the first raid,
the following units took part: </b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
8 Heer assault detachments from the occupation forces of the
Channel Islands (mainly the 319.Infanterie-Division) consisting of 9 officers
and 148 men. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
2 Kriegsmarine naval detachments with 1 officer and 20 men. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
As well as the following naval vessels: </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
S112, a fast motor torpedo boat or Schnelleboot </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
M412, a M 40 Class minesweepers of the 24.Minesuchflottile</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
M432, a M 40 Class minesweepers of the 24.Minesuchflottile</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
M442, a M 40 Class minesweepers of the 24.Minesuchflottile</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
M452, a M 40 Class minesweepers of the 24.Minesuchflottile </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
2 auxiliary minesweepers of the 46.Minesuchflottille and
2.Vorpostenflottile </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
AF65, an "artillery carrier" or
Artillerie-Träger" of the 46.Minesuchflottille and 2.Vorpostenflottile</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
AF68, an "artillery carrier" or
Artillerie-Träger" of the 46.Minesuchflottille and 2.Vorpostenflottile</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
AF71, an "artillery carrier" or
Artillerie-Träger" of the 46.Minesuchflottille and 2.Vorpostenflottile </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
V228, a KFK (Kriegsfischerkutter) of the
2.Vorpostenflottille</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
V229, a KFK (Kriegsfischerkutter) of the
2.Vorpostenflottille </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
FK01, a "Harbor Protection Vessel" or
Hafenschutzboot of the Hafenschutzflottille Kanalinseln</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
FK04, a "Harbor Protection Vessel" or
Hafenschutzboot of the Hafenschutzflottille Kanalinseln </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
FK56, a "Harbor Protection Vessel" or
Hafenschutzboot of the Hafenschutzflottille Kanalinseln</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
FK60, a "Harbor Protection Vessel" or
Hafenschutzboot, in this case a captured Allied LCV(P) of the
Hafenschutzflottille Kanalinseln </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">For the second raid,
the following units took part: </b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
8 Heer assault detachments consisting of 10 officers and 148
men. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
3 Kriegsmarine assault groups consisting of 2 officers and
34 men. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
1 Luftwaffe flak crew of 6 men. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
As well as the following naval vessels: </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
M412</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
M452</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
M432</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
M442</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
AF65</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
AF68</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
AF71</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
FK01</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
FK04</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
FK56</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
M4613</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
FL13 </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The Germans in fact never captured the load of coal they
were hoping for, although they did manage to take some back, and Eisenhower was
not in the town at the time of either raid. SHAEF HQ was located about 5 miles
to the south of Granville the previous September, but that was as close as they
came to Eisenhower during either raid! </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>The Granville Raid by Jack Yeatman</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<br />
HMS "Pearl", an Asdic Trawler based at Plymouth, was one of the three
warships which "liberated" the Channel Islands 60 years ago. I wasn't
aboard then, having been transferred to the Army in April. The Army
needed trained wireless operators for the invasion of Japan -so we
DIDN'T celebrate VE Day ! "Saved by the Bomb" though ! <br />
The stories coming out concerning the Channel Islands however, do
not include any reference to a quite remarkable story, of which, if our
chaps had been the "heroes", we'd still be showing the film ! I, for
one, would very much like to meet any of the Germans who took part. <br />
<br />
The Granville Raid - March 9th. 1945<br />
[Extracts from " German Occupation of the Channel Islands" - Charles
Cruikshank, and the diary of Jack Yeatman, O/Tel. in HMS "Pearl",
Royal Naval Patrol Service ]<br />
<br />
Just before Christmas 1944 a Naval Assault Troop cadet and four
paratroopers, captured at Brest, escaped from an American
prisoner-of-war camp at Granville. They attached themselves to a working
party in the harbour area, passing themselves off as interpreters, and
slipped away under cover of darkness to an American landing-craft which
they contrived to take out on the evening tide. With only a pocket
compass and a sketch-map to guide them, they reached Maitress Ile in the
Minquiers group, where the German observation post first fired on them,
and then, when their identity had been established, directed them to
St.Helier.<br />
They reported that the harbour at Granville was in full operation.
There were usually about five ships there, most of them discharging
coal. (These ships came over in a convoy from Falmouth every other
night, escorted by one Escort Trawler of the Plymouth Command Auxiliary
Patrol. A USPC - a large American Motor Patrol Boat - was also
stationed at Granville, usually anchored outside the tidal harbour.
JY.)<br />
A battalion of the United States Army was billeted on the hill
overlooking the harbour, there was a signal station on the south pier,
and a radar station on the coast a short distance to the north.<br />
Von Schmettow ....... decided to seize the chance of hitting back at
the enemy, and incidentally raising the morale of his own men, which
was suffering almost as much from lack of action as from lack of food.
The plan was to put Granville Harbour out of action, to capture a coal
ship to help the desperate fuel situation in the Channel Islands, and to
destroy the rest of the shipping. It was calculated that all this could
be achieved if the port was held for an hour.<br />
<br />
The escaped prisoners-of-war were treated as heroes. They were
sent back to Germany at the beginning of 1945, but sadly their 'plane
was picked up by a night-fighter and shot down near Bastogne. Admiral
Krancke .... decided that the operation had a good chance of success,
since the observation post on the Minquiers could keep a close watch on
traffic into Granville, and agreed that it should go ahead.<br />
<br />
The assault was planned for the night of 6/7 February, but the
weather was rough, there was thick fog, and the convoy was recalled soon
after it had left St.Helier. One tug and three patrol boats failed to
receive the signal. The tug proceeded according to plan to the entrance
of Granville Harbour, and the patrol boats went so close inshore that
they could hear music from the Hotel des Bains. But before the men could
disembark they realized that the rest of the assault fleet was missing
and hastily withdrew.<br />
<br />
[Extract from diary - <br />
Wed. Feb.7th. <br />
Arrived off Granville at 1500 . Harbour full. <br />
1700. Our USPC friend came out and announced that she'd seen an
E-boat last night, so we have to do a patrol from sunset to sunrise.
The E-boat must have come from the Channel Isles, only a few miles
away. There's still a German garrison there, but completely cut off, so
I don't suppose anyone thinks it worth bothering about. They must be
out of spares and fuel too. We advised the Yanks to leave it alone if
they saw it again, but they're very keen to get it. Told us all about
their radar-controlled gun etc. We tried to point out that they
haven't any experience - a lot of their lads have only now seen the
sea ! - and the Germans have plenty, but they don't go anything on
that. We all hope it stays in port while we' re patrolling, anyway !
Went out on patrol at 1800. JY]
<br />
The next month was spent perfecting the plan. There was no dearth
of volunteers - anything was welcome after months of idleness and
inadequate rations. Most of the ships had been laid up at St.Helier for
some months. They included six minesweepers, the masts of which had
been removed to present a smaller target to Allied radar, three
artillery carriers, two converted landing-craft, three motor torpedo
boats (E-boats. JY.) and a number of smaller craft. They were manned
by 600 men, and in addition there were 70 infantry and engineers to
destroy the port installations and, with the help of 7 Luftwaffe men
armed with light anti-aircraft weapons, to hold back the Americans; 8
naval ratings to blow up the vessels in the port; 12 to destroy the
radar station; and another 12 to take any prizes back to Jersey. 25
infantrymen were to create a diversion by attacking the Hotel des Bains
(A "rest" hotel for high-ranking American officers. JY) to the north of
the harbour.<br />
In March the weather
became favourable, and at the end of the first week Maitresse Ile
reported that a number of Allied ships were heading for Granville.<br />
[Diary extract - <br />
Wed. Mar 7th.<br />
Dull, calm. Arrived off Morlaix River at 0915. Our ship had
already sailed, so we headed back for Plymouth. Great activity at
Carantec - the Americans are transferring their base to Granville and
shifting everything moveable. A string of small craft, fishing boats,
tugs with strings of pontoons and barges etc. were coming out, with a PC
escort. Just after midday, received a signal from Plymouth diverting
us to Granville, so turned back. At 1700, sighted one of the
aforementioned tugs with 3 pontoons, broken down and drifting, looking
very lonely. Apparently they had dropped behind and the escorting PC
hadn't noticed ! Speaks well for U.S. Navy escort !! I know we've
mislaid ships at times, but not in flat calm and broad daylight ! Since
they had no means of communication they just had to wait till something
came along. Just as well we were diverted after all. Took the whole
lot in tow and headed back to Morlaix at 3 knots. Wirelessed Granville
about their "lost sheep".<br />
<br />
Thurs. Mar. 8th.<br />
Fine, calm. Disposed of tug etc. off Carantec at 0930 and headed
for Granville - a day late ! Anchored off Pointe du Roc at 1930. 1
ship - the " Gem" - anchored, rest coming out later. USPC 564 out on
patrol - all quiet.<br />
2350. PC reports 3 contacts approaching Granville - "Action stations" ! JY.]<br />
The assault force set off from St Helier after dark on the evening
of 8 March. When they reached Granville at 1.0 am they saw that the
harbour lights were burning, which suggested that there was some
activity there. The three artillery carriers had taken up position
between the Ile Chausey and St.Malo to cut off any Allied patrols in
that area, and two of the minesweepers stationed themselves between
Jersey and the Cotentin Peninsula for the same purpose. Another two of
the minesweepers were to be the spearhead of the attack. Their plan was
to sail straight into the harbour, and when challenged by the signal
station, simply to flash back the same challenge in the hope that this
would throw the defence momentarily off their guard and allow them to
get safely in. (Cf. HMS "Campbeltown" in the raid on St.Nazaire !!
JY.) <br />
<br />
This was precisely what happened. Before anyone in the harbour
realized what was happening, the two minesweepers were secured alongside
the quays.<br />
The third pair of minesweepers was left outside the harbour to
provide covering fire, the three motor torpedo boats made straight for
the beach by the Hotel des Bains to land their party, the tug moved
slowly towards the harbour entrance to give the leading minesweepers
time to secure themselves. Before this was completed the assault
parties were ashore and had established themselves in positions from
which they could control the approaches to the dock area. For an hour
and a half they remained in command of the situation in spite of fierce
counter-attacks by the Americans.<br />
<br />
[Diary Extract -<br />
Fri.Mar.9th.<br />
0000. Fun started in earnest. Star-shells and tracer near the Isles
Chausey. We have to look after the "Gem", so cannot leave the
immediate vicinity. Granville is calling the PC but isn't getting any
reply. Looks like she's had it ! Off watch now and, as we' re
short-handed, No.2 on Oerlikon.<br />
0100 Heavy firing has broken out ashore .The "Gem" is still
anchored, and with a light on ! Ordered her away to Cancale - hope she
makes it. We have 3 ships approaching us. Fired several star-shells,
but all failed to explode. <br />
0130. Granville called us, then went off the air. We have no idea
what is happening, or which side is which in the exchanges of fire
ashore. Hell let loose there - heavy small-arms fire. Looks like a
commando raid ! All navigation lights have been shot out, including
Pointe du Roc lighthouse. <br />
Back on R/T. had a go at contacting the PC - no reply - she must have
had it. The 3 contacts have been lost, and they don't seem to have
seen us, though some shells and tracer have come uncomfortably close,
but we don't know which side fired them. Cannot close in to the shore
as there isn't enough water for us now, and it's a maze of unlit rocks
and skerries. Anyway, we have no means of knowing what to fire at.
JY.] <br />
It now appeared that the Germans had made a serious
miscalculation. They had assumed that during their attack all the
vessels in the harbour would be afloat - otherwise none of them could be
towed away - but in fact the tide was so low that of the four ships in
the harbour, three were firmly aground and only the 1,200 ton "Eskwood"
was afloat. Further, the tide was ebbing, so that time was against the
assault force. The engines of the three grounded ships were severely
damaged by explosive charges, and the port installations - cranes,
locomotives, wagons, and fuel dumps - were systematically demolished
while the Americans were kept at bay. It had been intended that the tug
should tow away any vessel that was captured, but in the event it was
not needed. The "Eskwood" left the harbour under her own steam.
According to the German account 'The crew took a sportsmanlike view of
the proceedings and worked their ship', encouraged perhaps by German
guns.<br />
Meanwhile, the artillery carriers off the Ile Chausey were doing the
work assigned to them. An American submarine chaser (USPC 564 JY.)
was alerted by the noise of explosions at Granville and approached
from the west to investigate. In the fight that developed the American
ship was sunk by the artillery carriers, which themselves suffered no
damage. (So much for the radar-controlled gun ! JY.) Some of the
Americans were taken prisoner. It was believed that another Allied ship
was hit and withdrew. (There were no other Allied ships in the area.
JY.) The two minesweepers patrolling off the Cotentin coast sighted no
ships.<br />
<br />
The attack on the radar station failed because the boats covering
this part of the operation found that the tide was so low that they
could not get close enough in to provide adequate covering fire. In
trying to get close in, one of them ran aground and had to be blown up
with depth charges, the crew having been transferred to another boat.
The diversionary assault on the Hotel des Bains was completely
successful. There was little resistance and nine Americans were taken
prisoner.<br />
On the return journey the lighthouse and signal station on Grande
Ile de Chausey were attacked and put out of action. All the German
vessels, except the boat which had to be blown up, returned safely,
taking with them 30 prisoners captured in the harbour area and 55
prisoners-of-war who had been released. The only German casualties were
one officer presumed killed and five men wounded.<br />
<br />
[Diary Extract -<br />
(Fri. Mar.9th.)<br />
0400 Firing ashore has died down. Now there are heavy explosions
from the dock area and big fires started. Sounds as though the
garrison has been overcome and demolition parties at work.
Instructions from Plymouth to remain in area till daylight. The "Gem"
seems to have got away safely, anyway. Asdic picked up several ships,
but unable to make any visual contact. Hopeless in the dark, and among
all these rocks and islets. W/T reception very bad, with heavy
jamming. Practically impossible to hear Cherbourg.<br />
0600 Enemy forces seem to have withdrawn, though heavy explosions are going on intermittently and fires burning.<br />
<br />
0700 Getting light at last. Picked up a fishing-boat, one of those
used in the landing. It contained a lot of gear - a quantity of civilian
clothes, a wireless set, and some code- books. Granville W/T on the
air again. Apparently the PC is aground somewhere down the coast.<br />
Small boat came out, bringing a US naval officer - Lieut.Robinson.
What a story he had ! He is the only surviving Allied officer in the
place, and escaped by climbing down the cliffs.<br />
The whole thing had been planned with assistance from ashore. On this
particular night a high-ranking US officer and his staff were visiting
Granville, and the Germans were led to their hotel by a civilian
woman. All were shot. All the ships in the harbour are sunk or
damaged, except one which the Germans have taken away ! The attack was
made by 3 armed trawlers and some 40 small boats loaded with troops.
The PC was probably disposed of by an E-boat, but we don't know yet.
Since we were diverted there unexpectedly they probably thought she was
the only warship there, which accounts for our being left alone. They
must have picked us up on their Asdics or RDF, but each would have taken
us for one of her consorts. If those star-shells had exploded ...... !
<br />
There were virtually no effective US forces ashore and resistance
was overcome in a very short time - some 200 casualties suffered,
including crews of the merchant ships. Ron Lister and I had difficulty
in coding up Lieut.Robinson' report, since we had to translate his
Americanese into phrases to fit our Naval Code.<br />
We searched along the coast for the PC and found her near Pierre de Herpin. <br />
An awful sight - guns blown away and bits of her crew all over the
deck - men we' d got to know quite well. 10 killed, 11 wounded
evacuated to Rennes by ambulance, and about a dozen missing. there are
also 11 more known to be adrift in a life-raft, not seen since 0030.
They never really knew what hit them. Took Lieut. Robinson down to
St.Malo and put him aboard "Porcher" just arrived. "Narcissus"
"Ilfracombe" and "Parrsboro'" have also arrived and we are going back
to Falmouth with the "Gem" - we have only a few hours coal left !
Aircraft are searching for the life-raft. Homeward bound by 1700.<br />
Sat. Mar.10th.<br />
Fine, calm. Good trip - entered Falmouth at 1130. Went alongside
at 1300 and took aboard 40 tons of coal. Newspapers report a German
raid on Granville in daylight, yesterday afternoon !! They say that
damage and casualties were slight, and it only had 'propaganda value'<br />
They should have been there !! JY]<br />
The Germans were highly delighted with the success of the operation.
In the words of Admiral Ruge : ' a sound plan, thorough preparation,
and complete secrecy had enabled the Channel Isles to strike a shrewd
blow. Compared with the battle in Germany, it was no more than a
pinprick, yet it was the best they could do for their suffering
country.'<br />
(With which I heartily concur -'Hornblower' at his best !! JY.)<br />
<br />
There was also, for me, two quite interesting sequels. Soon after
the war, I was teaching in a school outside Southampton, and a
15-year-old boy from Jersey arrived to do his last term. <br />
I asked him if he remembered anything about March 9th. 1945. "Oh yes -
the Germans got a whole lot of coal from somewhere. We had the first
proper fires for months." <br />
Many years later, a book was published purporting to list all the
losses of all the navies engaged in the Second World War, I wrote to
the author, via the publishers, on another matter, and also commented
on the fact that his lists included a German minesweeper "beached at
Granville, March 9th. 1945", saying that I had a personal interest in
that action. <br />
He turned out to be the Naval Historian at the Admiralty, and
replied immediately, saying that he had been sure that the date of the
minesweeper's beaching must have been a mistake - what could possibly
have been happening there at so late a stage of the War ? Of course he
had never heard of the Granville Raid !<br />
I sent him a copy of the above - he knows now !<br />
<br />
LT/JX 358728 A.J.Yeatman O/Tel. <br />
HMS "Pearl" 1943 - 44 - 45<br />
<br />
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Mitch Williamsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14692138354674511017noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3460715245261839803.post-23121754419186785412015-06-30T01:23:00.002-07:002015-06-30T01:23:32.718-07:00Marinefährprähme<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB">Marinefährprahms
Typ D</span></i></b><br />
<br />
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB"></span></i></b><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinnPqmLHo9zFNSDeG6KUjFY40pV5617TdivGJQTGONk_rWMT2eyxwJq7443Fw1ezkPRqvPjgfQDMY7nsib-fI0mQyIoD4A6O77Jaw_87vTNp7BvZyxWpJwtr3-jpiLJX89OrraPsNHNmw/s1600/krim.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="280" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinnPqmLHo9zFNSDeG6KUjFY40pV5617TdivGJQTGONk_rWMT2eyxwJq7443Fw1ezkPRqvPjgfQDMY7nsib-fI0mQyIoD4A6O77Jaw_87vTNp7BvZyxWpJwtr3-jpiLJX89OrraPsNHNmw/s400/krim.jpg" width="400" /></a></span></i></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB">11. Verkehr mit
Kleinfahrzeugen (MFP)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>in the Black Sea</span></i></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB">The Marinefährprahm (MFP) , "naval
ferry barge", was the largest landing craft operated by Germany's
Kriegsmarine during World War II. It served a variety of roles (transport,
minelayer, escort, gunboat) in the Mediterranean, Baltic and Black Seas as well
as the English Channel and Norwegian coastal waters. Originally developed for
the proposed invasion of England (Operation Sea Lion), the first of these ships
was commissioned on 16 April 1941, with approximately 700 being completed by
the war's end in May 1945.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB">The Germans had some very nice coastal
barges and lighters. The MFP (Marinefährprähme) which did not begin construction
until December<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1940. Another famous type
was the MAL (Marine-Artillerie-Leichter) which first appeared in 1943.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB">By 1942 the Allies had taken their toll of
Axis merchant shipping in the Mediterranean. The shortage of ships to carry
supplies to Rommel's army led the Axis to use landing craft to ferry supplies
across the Mediterranean. These landing craft were known variously as F-boot,
F-lighter, Seibel ferrys, Marinef</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">ä</span><span lang="EN-GB">hrpr</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">ä</span><span lang="EN-GB">hme and etc. The Italians had copied these as the Motozattera or
MZ-1.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB">The KRIEGSMARINE built the following types
of Marinefährprähme (MFP): </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB">type A: only 5 units </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB">type A1: adopted to use former Soviet heavy
tanks of 52 t weight </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB">type AM: minelayer with a capacity of 52
mines and 25 t loading </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB">type B: greater height (3,19m instead of
2,74m) </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB">type C: greater height of the loading room
(3,29m) </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB">type C2: similar to type A1 for heavy tanks
</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB">type C2A: </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB">type C2M: similar to type AM with mine
loading capacity </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB">type D: </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB">type DM: minelayer with a capacity of 54
mines </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB">Moreover there were special rebuilds as repair
ship, tanker, Q-ship, etc. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB">According to GRÖNER, the only MFP rebuilt
into a Q-ship was F368 (type A), which was armed with 2 x 7.5 cm guns and a
S-device.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB">The MZ were either type A (virtual copies
of the German MFP Type A-C) or Type B, where the 3" gun was repositioned
behind the steering position. They were used for coastal transport and to
transport tanks to North Africa from the continent. Many were later used by the
Germans up until the end of the war. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="http://historisches-marinearchiv.de/projekte/landungsfahrzeuge/marinefaehrprahm/grafiken.php" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-GB">Grafiken von Marinefährprähmen</span></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB"><br /></span></div>
Mitch Williamsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14692138354674511017noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3460715245261839803.post-23396783500020117332015-06-30T01:20:00.002-07:002015-06-30T01:20:48.804-07:00The Third Reich’s battleship ambitions<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiH5E260exgYnSa0pmpJmhoXPmibrW3RfKsr0shLdQIt15-KsEbEE2zvV89sdY9gYwJ6bAp5FL1NyL0nIVEcSaIH-vZPxWVWy2jWTc91SrlbPz_yPToMdPyRbrwuXzj-sbb2S0S1Pr796g/s1600/dffvrefaregt.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="250" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiH5E260exgYnSa0pmpJmhoXPmibrW3RfKsr0shLdQIt15-KsEbEE2zvV89sdY9gYwJ6bAp5FL1NyL0nIVEcSaIH-vZPxWVWy2jWTc91SrlbPz_yPToMdPyRbrwuXzj-sbb2S0S1Pr796g/s400/dffvrefaregt.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
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<span lang="EN-GB">The chase and ultimate sinking of Germany’s
monster battleship Bismarck (24–27 May 1941) involved no less than five RN
battleships, two aircraft carriers, nine cruisers, and 18 destroyers. Bismarck
had completed its sea trials the previous month. (Captain Ernst Lindemann was
granted special permission to refer to the ship as “he,” in honor of former
chancellor Otto von Bismarck.) In the initial stages of the battle, fire from
Bismarck’s consort, the heavy cruiser Prinz Eugen (some claim that the fatal
fire came from Bismarck), caused the British super-battle cruiser Hood to
explode with the loss of all but three of its 1,500 crewmen. It was only Hood’s
second serious combat in her 20-year lifespan. Although by 1941, Hood was
elderly and unmodernized (plans to thicken its armor protection had been
aborted with the onset of war), its loss was considered a national tragedy.
Hood was the fastest and largest capital ship of the time, actually weighing
some 5,000 tons more than the new Prince of Wales class of battleships. Prince
of Wales, in its first engagement, and with workmen still aboard, did not fight
efficiently and was the target of both German warships; it broke off the
engagement and fell away under cover of a smokescreen. (Bismarck was also a new
battleship, but it did have the advantage of several months of work-up
cruises.) As if losing Hood were not bad enough, now a Royal Navy battleship,
part of a superior British force, had retreated in the face of the enemy.
Actually, the RN side of the battle had been badly handled, with Admiral
Lancelot Holland in Hood allowing Bismarck and Prinz Eugen to cross the T of
his two main warships; Holland paid for this blunder with his life. But King
George V (sister ship to Prince of Wales) and Rodney had devastated Bismarck’s
upperworks with concentrated fire. It was finally dispatched some 600 miles off
the French coast by torpedoes from the cruiser Dorsetshire. There is even some
persuasive argument that its own crew scuttled Bismarck in a final act of
defiance. (Prinz Eugen managed to escape the British net, later made the
Channel Dash with Scharnhorst and Gneisenau, was used as a target vessel after
the war [surviving two atomic explosions at Kwajelein/Bikini Atoll in July
1946], and sank after an accident disabled its stern.)</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB">#</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB">The Third Reich’s battleship ambitions were
every bit as grandiose as those of any other naval power. Germany’s naval
chief, Eric Raeder, was in close harmony with Adolf Hitler’s global goals.
Raeder and Hitler foresaw Germany eventually going to war with Great Britain,
the United States, and even Japan, and envisioned a fleet for those
eventualities. As a temporary deterrent to Great Britain, the aborted Plan Z
(1939) envisioned 10 (some sources say six) super- Bismarcks of 56,000 tons,
three battle cruisers, four aircraft carriers, and 249 submarines, with top
priority over air force and army requirements, all to be completed in six
years. Plan Z was the basis for the even larger blue-water battleship-based
navy programs of 1940 and 1941, drawn up to take on the rest of the world’s
major naval powers and featuring capital ships of 98,000–141,500 tons armed
with 20-inch guns. It is also indicative of German battleshipmindedness that
its navy never completed an aircraft carrier. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB">Thanks to post-World War I Allied policies,
the Third Reich entered World War II with only fast and modern battleships (not
counting those two nearly-valueless pre-dreadnoughts). Its three pocket
battleships laid down in the late 1920s and early 1930s (and thus predating
Hitler’s assumption of power in 1933) were Lutzow, Admiral Scheer, and Admiral
Graf Spee. (Lutzow was originally named Deutschland, but Hitler, worried about
the domestic reaction if a warship named after the German nation were sunk,
ordered it renamed.) <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Although high speed
was supposed to be the main advantage of these small capital ships, their
average of 28 knots was soon enough surpassed by the following Scharnhorst
class’s 32 knots. Nonetheless, the Deutschlands/Lutzows, a well-balanced
pioneering design, served as the embryo of many later, much larger warships,
such as the Scharnhorst class, and Germany’s first and only true post-World War
I first-class battleships (Bismarck and Tirpitz), as well as for the Royal
Navy’s King George V class, and even for the last three U.S. Navy battleship
classes. The Lutzows were also notable for their pioneering of welded
construction and unique diesel propulsion, the latter a feature never repeated
in any other capital ship. They could also be called cruisers (and were actually
reclassified in 1940 as heavy cruisers), but their six 11-inch guns were not
matched in any other cruiser until the U.S. Alaskas, which were officially
classified by the U.S. Navy as large cruisers. Whatever the nomenclature, these
were the Kriegsmarine’s most successful heavy units. Specifically designed as
commerce raiders that were to be more powerful than any faster warship, the
three destroyed some 300,000 tons of Allied shipping. Thus the Scharnhorsts and
the Lutzow/ Deutschlands did what battle cruisers were supposed to do— attack
enemy commerce—and avoided what battle cruisers were supposed to avoid—enemy
battleships—something the Royal Navy, to its cost, never learned. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB">The Scharnhorsts (Scharnhorst and
Gneisenau) were both laid down in 1935. There is little question that these two
units were true battleships, but even with more than twice the displacement of
the Lutzows, they mounted only the same 11-inch main guns. The German admiralty
planned to up-gun these warships at the beginning of World War II, but the
complexity and the costs not only of the bigger guns themselves but also of
their intricate mountings precluded this proposal in the German Navy (or in any
other navy, for that matter). </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB">Bismarck and Tirpitz were the last and by
far the most powerful battleships built by Germany. Although nominally still
bound by the London Naval Agreement, they exceeded its tonnage limitations by a
wide margin. In this case “wide” can be taken literally; they were the
broadest-beamed of any contemporary capital ship, which gave them outstanding
stability. (Only the aborted U.S. Montanas would have measured wider.) Their
intricate internal subdivision made them extraordinarily difficult to sink. Yet
at the end of the war, and in sharp contrast to World War I, not one German
capital ship survived to be turned over to the Allies.</span></div>
Mitch Williamsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14692138354674511017noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3460715245261839803.post-90274705640480670332015-06-30T01:16:00.002-07:002015-06-30T01:16:48.214-07:00Kriegsmarine-Luftwaffe Cooperation <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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While the Second World War resembled the First in that the
largest operations of all were waged on one continent, Europe, it also
resembled its predecessor in that much of the struggle took place at sea. Until
the spring of 1943, submarine warfare probably represented the one method by
which Germany could have beaten Britain and forced it to surrender. Conversely,
first Britain’s survival and later its ability and that of its larger and more
powerful American ally to bring forces to bear against Germany (and Italy)
depended on their command of the sea-lanes. Though the Mediterranean was never
more than a side theater, here, too, ultimately it was command of the sea that
decided the issue. The difference between the two world wars was that, from
1918 to 1939, military aviation developed far more rapidly than warships and
merchantmen did. By the time World War II broke out, there was still much
argument about how much air support navies required, how it should be
organized, and what tasks it should carry out, but the principle that they
could not operate without such support had been firmly established. </div>
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<br /></div>
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Having already said something about the Mediterranean, and
leaving the Pacific until later, here we shall focus on the Atlantic. In
1939–45, as in 1914–18, without the sea-lanes across the Atlantic, Britain
could not exist and would have to surrender sooner rather than later. As in
1914–18, what decided the issue was not so much a Mahan-like encounter between
opposing fleets as a long struggle of attrition. That struggle was waged mainly
by light naval units and the aircraft that worked with them. As in 1914–18, one
of the first things the British did was to revert to the convoy system and to
blockade Germany. The Germans on their part used their submarine fleet to
impose a counter-blockade. </div>
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<br /></div>
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Seen from the viewpoint of airpower, the struggle was not
symmetrical. Wherever they went, the British could and did use aircraft,
whether land-launched or carrier-borne, to hunt for German submarines as well as
the few other blockade runners, armed and unarmed, that got through. Whatever
may be said about relations between the navy and the RAF, cooperation between
it and Coastal Command was always exemplary. Meanwhile the German Navy, the
Kriegsmarine, owing partly to geography—Britain still stood between it and the
open ocean—and partly to its peculiar relationship with the Luftwaffe, did not
have nearly as much support from the air. Lacking it, the Naval War Command,
the Seekriegsleitung, in Kiel had to rely mainly on RDF (radio direction
finding), ELINT, and SIGINT to receive warning that Allied convoys were setting
sail, on what course, with what destination, and so on. The ability of
submarine captains to locate their prey was greatly, perhaps fatally, reduced.
They were forced to spend more time on the surface, where they were vulnerable
both to surface ships and to aircraft; coming under attack by the latter, all
they could do was either submerge or fire a few shots from the guns some of
them started carrying from 1943 on. </div>
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<br /></div>
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From the Allied point of view, the worst moments in the
anti-submarine struggle were the first half of 1942 and the first half of 1943.
The worst month of all was June 1942, when 700,000 tons of merchant shipping
were lost. During both periods, airpower played a critical role in defeating
the menace. Based in Scotland, Ulster, Iceland, Greenland, and along the North
American coast from Newfoundland to the south, aircraft protected convoys and
searched for submarines. Either they attacked those submarines on their own,
dropping depth charges on them, or else they acted as the eyes of hunter-killer
groups made up of destroyers and other light naval vessels. The more time
passed, the more technological progress and the introduction of more long-range
aircraft limited the ocean spaces where submarines could operate in relative
safety. Some historians claim that this factor was the most important reason
why the Allies eventually came out on top. As one German U-boat captain told his
commander in chief, successful attacks on convoys were only possible as long as
there were no Allied aircraft around.</div>
Mitch Williamsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14692138354674511017noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3460715245261839803.post-11797747244008202552015-06-30T01:13:00.002-07:002015-06-30T01:13:38.369-07:00E-Boat [S-boot]<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Boats of the 5th Schnellboot
Flotilla in Finland, 1941. (From Burger Schnellboote Vor)</i></b><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj70fiHlk-ARzKHkrBpzBaYDUPadz2rU_ATW0wRawb4i9rlOQ7-taNOluFGa3GNzEp7H5RhvJjvE3oB_sMBG6PFzYIgUlLg8Do7r8YkHYK4MUpre29S-Kkmcuy3HWeZ-I77zxNFGXsFPq0/s1600/schnellboot+s80.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj70fiHlk-ARzKHkrBpzBaYDUPadz2rU_ATW0wRawb4i9rlOQ7-taNOluFGa3GNzEp7H5RhvJjvE3oB_sMBG6PFzYIgUlLg8Do7r8YkHYK4MUpre29S-Kkmcuy3HWeZ-I77zxNFGXsFPq0/s400/schnellboot+s80.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhG6uXKosj8Usgn4RJwCnBnjHTkwmKwdd0vZQzIUKOCyYM7F3bJzquT_qk8ASBTDUvm6U74QoDVxjQoLoal4BupyE-qkrKhcdZsiJ6Cat9_L24fUcTBPOmCSyXibPOCvWxoY6RnC5vr7PI/s1600/wp1505.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="296" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhG6uXKosj8Usgn4RJwCnBnjHTkwmKwdd0vZQzIUKOCyYM7F3bJzquT_qk8ASBTDUvm6U74QoDVxjQoLoal4BupyE-qkrKhcdZsiJ6Cat9_L24fUcTBPOmCSyXibPOCvWxoY6RnC5vr7PI/s400/wp1505.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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High-speed torpedo-firing patrol craft used by the German
Kriegsmarine during World War II for naval interdiction and coastal defense.
Named “E-boats” (for “enemy torpedo boats”) by the Royal Navy, the craft of
Germany’s Schnellbootwaffe constituted a fearsome threat to Allied shipping,
particularly in the Narrow Seas. Constructed largely of wood but bearing
aluminum-reinforced keels and frames, E-boats cruised at 30–35 knots. Their
flank speed, however, could be as high as 43 knots, driven as they were by
three (sometimes supercharged) diesel engines.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Crewed by 26 to 30 officers and men, the boats measured some
115′, displaced approximately 113 tons, and possessed good sea-keeping
qualities. For offensive strikes, they carried up to four torpedoes and could
lay mines. Supplemental armament included a 20 mm Oerlikon mounted on the
forecastle and a 40 or 37 mm gun at the stern. Amidships they boasted a twin 20
mm mount, as well as assorted removable machine guns on the bridge, which
carried armored plating on late-war models.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Ranging as far as 750 nautical miles, E-boats tormented
coastal shipping and convoys around the British Isles, as well as in parts of
the Mediterranean and Black Seas. With a low silhouette and gray paint, they
were “stealthy” by World War II standards and achieved a record of at least
160,000 tons of shipping sunk in 1940–1941 alone. Subsequently, growing Allied
strength in the air and on the sea diminished the threat posed by the
Schnellboote, although they were rightly feared as late as D-Day 1944.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">References</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Cooper, Bryan. The E-Boat Threat. London: Macdonald &
Jane’s, 1976.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Lenton, H. T. German Warships of the Second World War. New
York: Arco Publishing Co., 1976.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Tent, John Foster. E-Boat Alert: Defending the Normandy
Invasion Fleet. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1996.</div>
Mitch Williamsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14692138354674511017noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3460715245261839803.post-17171794575762026092015-06-25T12:05:00.000-07:002015-06-30T01:10:18.697-07:00Seydlitz<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="360" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/ztTVT48bBwI" width="480"></iframe>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Closing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4CSDvkaJ3Ga4b_vHj9WlzzjOPT15Xhzc1ZgRGsu_hMMjrsjNhpWLoLzO0gLQSHL55YB4zilYoV2ELcGJMZFlLKSiAixnEjcyGX7RYJIifi1uTKc_1_GzQFnvcLdLK60sDBXmySCyf_GA/s1600/saeffer_1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="207" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4CSDvkaJ3Ga4b_vHj9WlzzjOPT15Xhzc1ZgRGsu_hMMjrsjNhpWLoLzO0gLQSHL55YB4zilYoV2ELcGJMZFlLKSiAixnEjcyGX7RYJIifi1uTKc_1_GzQFnvcLdLK60sDBXmySCyf_GA/s400/saeffer_1.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<br />
<span lang="EN-GB">Simultaneous with its approval of the
resumption of work on the Graf Zeppelin, the Seekriegsleitung also took some
concrete action to address the perceived need for additional carriers. The
incomplete hull of the heavy cruiser Seydlitz, on which there had been little
progress since late 1940, was selected for conversion into a carrier. The
superstructure was razed to the upper deck in preparation for erecting a hangar
and flight deck but, as with the Graf Zeppelin, all work ceased at the end of
January 1943. The hulk was towed to Königsberg and scuttled there in April
1945. The Kriegsmarine never commissioned a carrier.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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Bismarck in May 1941, during which British aircraft carriers proved
instrumental, and the near torpedoing of her sistership Tirpitz in March 1942,
the Kriegsmarine became convinced of the necessity of acquiring aircraft
carriers. Work on the purpose-built carrier Graf Zeppelin, which had been
halted in April 1940, was resumed in March 1942. The Kriegsmarine also decided
to convert a number of vessels into auxiliary aircraft carriers. Seydlitz was
among the ships selected for conversion, along with several passenger liners.</span></div>
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Zeppelin resumed, conversion work began on Seydlitz. The majority of the
superstructure was cut away, with the exception of the funnel, to prepare for
the installation of a flight deck and an aircraft hangar. In total,
approximately 2,400 t (2,400 long tons; 2,600 short tons) of material from the
ship was removed. The flight deck was to have been 200 m (660 ft) long and 30 m
(98 ft) wide. The hangar was 137.5 m (451 ft) long and 17 m (56 ft) wide
forward and 12 m (39 ft) wide amidships and aft. Her armament was reduced to an
anti-aircraft battery of ten 10.5 cm L/65 guns in twin mounts, two forward of
the conning tower and three aft, ten 3.7 cm guns in dual mounts, and
twenty-four 2 cm guns in quadruple mounts.</span></div>
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109T. Their wings were longer than the land-based model to allow for shorter
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<span lang="EN-GB">The ship was renamed Weser, but work was
ceased in June 1943, before the conversion was completed. The unfinished vessel
was then transferred to Königsberg, where she remained for the rest of the war.
On 29 January 1945, the ship was scuttled before the advancing Soviet Red Army
could seize her. The Soviet Navy nevertheless considered using the wreck for
parts to complete the cruiser Lützow, a sister-ship of Seydlitz the Soviets had
purchased before the outbreak of war. This was not carried out, however, and
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<span lang="EN-GB">Displacement: <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Design: 17,139 t (16,868 long tons; 18,893 short tons)</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB">Length: <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"></span>216
m (708 ft 8 in) overall</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB">Draft: Full load: 6.65 m (21.8 ft)</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB">Armament: 10 × 10.5 cm guns 10 × 3.7 cm
guns 24 × 2 cm guns</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB">Aircraft carried: 20 aircraft,</span></div>
Mitch Williamsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14692138354674511017noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3460715245261839803.post-77779621543978341202015-06-16T21:05:00.000-07:002015-06-16T21:10:48.878-07:00Bismarck: Not Ready For Action? <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQNideCNNVB-NXM3JjGJWZtdSP4p3uzwBd1PlfFdH4yYKXBgQGTbcqvuGCs0ECs0lm6y8GDAMgnoxR1EXLl79fBkRFbMdn9h-P2h7qBkbF_QXNrfKSUbJbGzpnmfzfdyRbiSP6sZMAqVo/s1600/1280px-Bb_bismarck.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="313" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQNideCNNVB-NXM3JjGJWZtdSP4p3uzwBd1PlfFdH4yYKXBgQGTbcqvuGCs0ECs0lm6y8GDAMgnoxR1EXLl79fBkRFbMdn9h-P2h7qBkbF_QXNrfKSUbJbGzpnmfzfdyRbiSP6sZMAqVo/s400/1280px-Bb_bismarck.png" width="400" /></a></div>
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<i><b>Illustration of battleship Bismarck as she left Norway in May 1941:"Bismarck kept the dark gray colour at the ends of the hull including the white bow water and stern water as indicated on your sketch, leaving Norway May 21...Bismarcks and our black and white stripes ended at the waterline." Paul Schmalenbach, gunnery officer Prinz Eugen from John Asmussen's site: file and website 1)Pre-Rheinübung aerial identification markings. </b></i>Anynobody<br />
<br />
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">By
Timothy P. Mulligan</span></b></div>
<div class="author">
<br /></div>
<div class="deck">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Naval
History,</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">
February 2001</span></div>
<div class="deck">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">When
the German battleship <i>Bismarck</i> escaped from a Norwegian fjord in May
1941 and began her epic breakout into the North Atlantic, she was the most
feared warship in the world. The Royal Navy hunted her down mercilessly, and
her sinking has been lauded ever since as one of the Admiralty's greatest
accomplishments. New evidence suggests that the great battleship may not have
been ready to go into battle.</span></div>
<div class="deck">
<br /></div>
<span class="firstletter1"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">M</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">uch of the appeal of
the saga of the German battleship <i>Bismarck </i>concerns the many variables
that ultimately determined her fate. What if fleet commander Admiral Günther
Lütjens had topped off her fuel tanks before departing Norwegian waters, or
what if he had not transmitted the long signal on 25 May 1941 that allowed the
British to gain a fix on the battleship's position? What if the <i>Bismarck</i>
had headed back to Norway instead of making for France after sustaining damage
in the battle on 24 May with the British battlecruiser Hood and battleship <i>Prince
of Wales</i>? Should Lütjens have tried to finish off the wounded <i>Prince of
Wales</i> on 24 May instead of pursuing his original mission? Amidst these
imponderables one factor appears constant: the presumed power and deadly
proficiency of the <i>Bismarck</i>. Yet a review of available evidence casts
doubt even on this premise and raises the question of whether the <i>Kriegsmarine</i>
committed the <i>Bismarck</i> to action before she was ready.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">To her
opponents the 50,000-ton warship seemed a monster, possessing limitless
capabilities for evil. Winston Churchill in November 1939 considered the <i>Bismarck</i>'s
entry into the campaign as potentially "disastrous in the highest degree,
as it can neither be caught nor killed, and would therefore range freely
throughout the oceans, rupturing all communications."<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="tx1"></a><a href="http://www.usni.org/navalhistory/articles01/nhmulligan.htm#ref1#ref1"><sup><span style="mso-ansi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1</span></sup></a> President Franklin D. Roosevelt nervously
counted the <i>Bismarck</i>'s options after she sank the <i>Hood</i> to include
a bombardment of Halifax or New York, a voyage around the world to Japan, or
the seizure of the key island of Martinique in the Caribbean.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="tx2"></a><a href="http://www.usni.org/navalhistory/articles01/nhmulligan.htm#ref2#ref2"><sup><span style="mso-ansi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2</span></sup></a> Time has not altered this perception of
awesome power, as reflected in the most recent history of the <i>Bismarck</i>
operation: "Her crew had been honed to the utmost degree of efficiency and
her equipment had been fine-tuned to optimum performance. . . . <i>Bismarck</i>
was the ultimate product of German naval technology and recent training had
undoubtedly honed her crew up to the razor's edge of perfection."<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="tx3"></a><a href="http://www.usni.org/navalhistory/articles01/nhmulligan.htm#ref3#ref3"><sup><span style="mso-ansi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3</span></sup></a></span><br />
<br />
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">The
evidence, however, suggests otherwise.</span></b><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Several
material problems became manifest during the <i>Bismarck</i>'s brief operation.
During the attempted breakout through the Denmark Strait on the evening of 23
May, her rudder jammed to starboard, nearly causing a collision with the
cruiser <i>Prinz Eugen</i>. A few hours later the <i>Bismarck</i>'s forward
radar broke down, caused by the shock of the main battery salvos fired at the
shadowing British cruiser <i>Norfolk</i>. The <i>Prinz Eugen</i>'s war diary of
24 May noted that "the radar apparatus . . . often went out of order on
board <i>Bismarck</i>." Finally, both German warships experienced chronic
radio communications problems with the mainland, failing to receive key
messages and often unable to transmit important information successfully. </span><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">The
infamous "long signal" sent by Lütjens on 25 May—which allowed the
British to fix the <i>Bismarck</i>'s position after the Germans had broken
contact with their pursuers—actually was a retransmission of four messages the
fleet commander had attempted to send the previous night.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="tx4"></a><a href="http://www.usni.org/navalhistory/articles01/nhmulligan.htm#ref4#ref4"><sup><span style="color: red; mso-ansi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4</span></sup></a> Moreover, the fact that the <i>Bismarck</i>
did not receive many signals that routinely were picked up by the <i>Prinz
Eugen</i> indicates there were less proficient radio personnel on board the
battleship than the heavy cruiser, a shortcoming apparently attributable to
better communications training standards for personnel who passed through <i>Marinestation
der Ostsee</i> (Naval Station Baltic), whence <i>Prinz Eugen</i> drew her
crewmen, as opposed to Naval Station North Sea, the regional administrative
center for the <i>Bismarck</i>.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="tx5"></a><a href="http://www.usni.org/navalhistory/articles01/nhmulligan.htm#ref5#ref5"><sup><span style="color: red; mso-ansi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5</span></sup></a></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Illuminating
as these examples might be, they nevertheless represent events that took place
after the <i>Bismarck</i> had departed on her mission. Such mechanical or
equipment problems might reveal themselves only under operational conditions,
or simply confirm the risks faced by every new ship entering combat. But in the
case of the <i>Bismarck</i>, additional evidence from earlier in her history
suggests more general problems in combat readiness—evidence furnished in the
assessments of German naval authorities at the time. </span><br />
<br />
<div class="head">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Timetables
and Training</span></b></div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Grand
Admiral Erich Raeder, Navy commander-in-chief, belonged to the battleship
school that dominated most navies at the beginning of World War II. The
conflict came when the <i>Kriegsmarine</i> had just begun a major expansion
program and could not match the combined forces of Britain and France, yet the
surface navy won an impressive if costly victory in the conquest of Norway in
April 1940. One month later, as German forces won a stunning victory in the Low
Countries and France, Raeder believed increasingly that his capital ships had
to demonstrate their value to guarantee a future for themselves. His directive
of 23 May 1940 criticized the cautious orthodoxy he found among his operational
commands and urged a "new offensive spirit," particularly in the use
of battleships. "I am ultimately convinced," he wrote, "that the
loss of one of these [battleships] would little change the situation at sea or
the war's final outcome, but through continuous action much can be won. By not
using them, or by delaying their use, we not only gain nothing, we lose the
future of the Navy as well."<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="tx6"></a><a href="http://www.usni.org/navalhistory/articles01/nhmulligan.htm#ref6#ref6"><sup><span style="mso-ansi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6</span></sup></a> </span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmk9nNDgqmGOuo6uYQtYUAt7bp9YSGUr7D4qEE4uHV2508Ierm6etcBVsRe-ZVRe4pE6IUT5vJF7z6W3KdqBwZ3dxpwD-jtSVStfvm51G3CiRPO9mw6tAn_iSEEr3Jrj5idpo-hqD8sic/s1600/dfgtbgf.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmk9nNDgqmGOuo6uYQtYUAt7bp9YSGUr7D4qEE4uHV2508Ierm6etcBVsRe-ZVRe4pE6IUT5vJF7z6W3KdqBwZ3dxpwD-jtSVStfvm51G3CiRPO9mw6tAn_iSEEr3Jrj5idpo-hqD8sic/s1600/dfgtbgf.jpg" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Many
of the antiaircraft guns on the <i>Bismarck</i> were arranged poorly, such as
these guns on the starboard side, forward. In the foreground, under a
tarpaulin, is a single-mount 2-cm gun; above and to the left is a twin-mount
3.7-cm gun, whose field of fire is restricted by the bulk of Turret
"Bruno" (upper right).</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">This guideline
remained in force as the <i>Bismarck</i> prepared for operations. Impressive as
she was, the <i>Bismarck</i> remained a new ship with a new crew about to enter
combat for the first time. The commander, <i>Kapitän zur See</i> Ernst
Lindemann, together with his first officer, first artillery officer, and
engineering officer, all were highly capable and qualified men who had served
in instructional schools or in staff positions—but none had seen action since
the war began.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="tx7"></a><a href="http://www.usni.org/navalhistory/articles01/nhmulligan.htm#ref7#ref7"><sup><span style="mso-ansi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7</span></sup></a> As his ship was rushed through final
preparations before departing on operations, Lindemann offered a modest yet
intriguing assessment of the <i>Bismarck</i>'s status in the war diary on 28
April 1941: </span><br />
<br />
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">The training level attained compares well
with that for a capital ship in the prewar years. If the crew for the most part
lacks actual combat experience, I am nevertheless confident that this ship
could fulfill any mission demanded of it. This feeling is strengthened by the vessel's
material combat quality, which in combination with the attained training level
has produced such a level of confidence in everyone that, for the first time in
a long while, we feel ourselves at least the equal of any opponent.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="tx8"></a><a href="http://www.usni.org/navalhistory/articles01/nhmulligan.htm#ref8#ref8"><sup><span style="mso-ansi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8</span></sup></a></span></i><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Lindemann's
caution doubtless reflected a concern over the loss of invaluable training and
sea trials time to the severe winter of 1941. After her commissioning on 20
August 1940, the <i>Bismarck</i> accomplished some basic training and tests in
the Baltic from September to early December 1940, then returned to her home
port of Hamburg. With that harbor and the Kaiser Wilhelm Canal (now the Kiel
Canal) iced over throughout the winter, the <i>Bismarck</i> had to postpone the
resumption of Baltic training from late January to early March. The severity of
the cold, with temperatures falling to -15ûC (about 5ûF), froze up pressure
gauges and electrical lines and forced a temporary shutdown of the boiler rooms.
By the time the battleship could transfer to the Baltic, five irreplaceable
weeks of at-sea training had been lost.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="tx9"></a><a href="http://www.usni.org/navalhistory/articles01/nhmulligan.htm#ref9#ref9"><sup><span style="mso-ansi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">9</span></sup></a></span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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This view of the base of Turret "Dora" (beneath
the guns of Turret "Cäsar") shows the 10.5-cm stereoscopic range
finder protruding from the back of the turret. Originally built into all the
turrets, the range finder on Turret "Anton" had been removed before
the Bismarck's final voyage, because it was prone to water damage in rough
seas. The local control periscope extending from the center side of the turret
also was prone to the same problem.</div>
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Perhaps
even more important, the intensified training that followed could not build on
the experiences gained during the two-month commerce raiding sortie (codenamed
Operation Berlin) just completed by the battlecruisers <i>Scharnhorst</i> and <i>Gneisenau</i>.
Their experiences during the North Atlantic winter already had led to one
modification on board the <i>Bismarck</i>—the removal of the 10.5-cm
stereoscopic rangefinder from the forward main battery Turret
"Anton," because it was overly prone to water damage from running
seas.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="tx10"></a><a href="http://www.usni.org/navalhistory/articles01/nhmulligan.htm#ref10#ref10"><sup><span style="mso-ansi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">10</span></sup></a> When the two older vessels, which
already had seen extensive action in the North Sea and off Norway, finally put
into Brest on 22 March 1941, the <i>Bismarck</i> had commenced her final
exercises in the Gulf of Danzig. On board the <i>Scharnhorst</i> and <i>Gneisenau</i>,
division officers prepared detailed reports of lessons learned during Operation
Berlin in the areas of navigation, communications, ordnance, signaling, and
medical considerations, while specialists detailed the performance of radio,
radar, and encryption equipment. These reports naturally required study and
comment by several staffs before the final recommendations were approved and
acted upon, procedures that demanded patience and time.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="tx11"></a><a href="http://www.usni.org/navalhistory/articles01/nhmulligan.htm#ref11#ref11"><sup><span style="mso-ansi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">11</span></sup></a> The rush to commit the <i>Bismarck</i>
to action, however, negated the benefits of this evaluation process. Lindemann
was hard pressed to apply only the most practical lessons of the operation,
which proved difficult enough—refueling at sea, the launching and recovery of
onboard aircraft, gunnery and damage control drills, cooperation with U-boats,
and joint movements in formation. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">All but
ignored in the rush were the even more critical lessons at the command level.
Admiral Lütjens had directed Operation Berlin by a precarious juggling of his
own judgment as fleet commander against the instructions of the <i>Seekriegsleitung
</i>(Naval War Staff), the operational guidance of Naval Group Commands North
and West (depending on the vessels' location), and on occasion the instincts of
his battlecruisers' captains. Although the 22 Allied merchant ships sunk or
captured marked the operation a success, many differences of opinion had
emerged over specific actions taken and prospective opportunities won or lost.
Lütjens himself had no time to reflect on these matters, as preparations for
the upcoming <i>Rheinübung</i> (Exercise Rhine) kept him shuttling constantly
among Brest, Berlin, Paris, Kiel, and SwinemŸnde.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="tx12"></a><a href="http://www.usni.org/navalhistory/articles01/nhmulligan.htm#ref12#ref12"><sup><span style="mso-ansi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">12</span></sup></a> These vital command issues remained
unexamined and unresolved, and played a significant role in the <i>Bismarck</i>'s
ill-fated sortie.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Ironically,
the question of the <i>Bismarck</i>'s readiness for action already had cast a
shadow on the history of Operation Berlin. Hardly had the <i>Scharnhorst</i>
and <i>Gneisenau</i> broken into the Atlantic when, on 8 February 1941, the <i>Seekriegsleitung</i>
directed Group Command North to prepare for joint exercises of the <i>Bismarck</i>
and <i>Prinz Eugen</i>.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="tx13"></a><a href="http://www.usni.org/navalhistory/articles01/nhmulligan.htm#ref13#ref13"><sup><span style="mso-ansi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">13</span></sup></a> This first reference to the latter
warships acting together obviously anticipated the next stage in surface
operations, yet it came at a time when the <i>Bismarck</i> was still frozen in
Hamburg harbor. On 12 March—while the <i>Bismarck</i> stood in Kiel harbor,
about to begin her final workup exercises—Admiral Lütjens received instructions
to curtail Operation Berlin so as to have the <i>Scharnhorst</i> and <i>Gneisenau</i>
available to renew operations at the end of April, in combination with the
planned breakout of the <i>Bismarck</i> and <i>Prinz Eugen</i>. This
effectively ended Berlin, as both of the former ships needed refitting and
repairs, and only the <i>Gneisenau</i> possibly could meet an April deadline to
renew operations (in the end she too fell out because of damage sustained in
air attacks while in Brest).<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="tx14"></a><a href="http://www.usni.org/navalhistory/articles01/nhmulligan.htm#ref14#ref14"><sup><span style="mso-ansi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">14</span></sup></a> Thus, the most successful fleet commerce
raid ended in part to accommodate a fixed timetable of the <i>Bismarck</i>'s
presumed availability, despite the lengthy delays already imposed on her
readiness by severe weather.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="tx15"></a><a href="http://www.usni.org/navalhistory/articles01/nhmulligan.htm#ref15#ref15"><sup><span style="mso-ansi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">15</span></sup></a></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Lindemann
learned only on 19 March that his ship was expected to be ready for operations
by the end of April. The <i>Seekriegsleitung</i>'s need to maintain secrecy not
only kept the battleship's commanding officer in the dark about the planned
timetable, but thereby further reduced his training time. To complete
preparations and final outfitting for operations, Lindemann had to plan on
completing all training and ordnance tests by 2 April, eliminating an
additional three to four weeks of exercises from his already foreshortened
training program. And even that limited time suffered inroads from the need to
address nagging material problems, particularly the operation of the side
cranes (described by Lindemann as "extremely delicate and
unreliable") and continual replacement of glass panes and slide valves
broken or dislodged by practice firings of the main guns.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="tx16"></a><a href="http://www.usni.org/navalhistory/articles01/nhmulligan.htm#ref16#ref16"><sup><span style="mso-ansi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">16</span></sup></a> </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Ultimately,
the fixed timetable that had so determined the tempo of events itself fell
victim to developments beyond its control. As of 2 April plans still called for
the <i>Gneisenau</i>'s eventual participation in the operation, but severe
damage by British air attacks on 6 and 10 April would immobilize her for at
least four months at Brest.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="tx17"></a><a href="http://www.usni.org/navalhistory/articles01/nhmulligan.htm#ref17#ref17"><sup><span style="mso-ansi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">17</span></sup></a> <i>Rheinübung</i> remained on schedule
to begin on 28 April, but with only five days to go the <i>Prinz Eugen</i>
struck a mine outside Kiel. The explosion damaged fuel bunkers, propeller
shafts, and a turbo-generator, forcing the cruiser into dry-dock for nine days
and finally revising the timetable so rigidly adhered to up to this point. In a
meeting with Raeder on 26 April, Lütjens raised the possibility of postponing
the operation until the <i>Scharnhorst</i> or even the <i>Tirpitz</i> could
participate as well, but the original plan remained in place and they awaited
the completion of the <i>Prinz Eugen</i>'s repairs. In the end, the cruiser
required more work than originally planned, and a recurrence of the <i>Bismarck</i>'s
chronic problem with the port crane on 14 May imposed a further delay.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="tx18"></a><a href="http://www.usni.org/navalhistory/articles01/nhmulligan.htm#ref18#ref18"><sup><span style="mso-ansi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">18</span></sup></a> <i>Rheinübung</i> finally began on 18
May, nearly three weeks behind schedule.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Yet the <i>Bismarck</i>
and her crew were unable to use this grace period to full advantage. The
official training period had concluded according to the original schedule, and
could not be reinstated on an improvised basis. Lindemann conducted additional
onboard drills throughout this period, but first priority had to go toward
operational preparations. The battleship's state of readiness essentially
remained that established during the abbreviated exercises and tests conducted
by the <i>Artillerieversuchskommando für Schiffe</i> (the Naval Ordnance
Testing Command for Warships, or AVKS) from 19 March to 2 April 1941. </span><br />
<br />
<div class="head">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">The
Naval Ordnance Tests </span></b></div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">The
testing results were detailed in a 106-page report submitted by the AVKS on 31
May 1941, four days after the <i>Bismarck</i> had been destroyed. The ordnance
experts complained correctly of the time and conditions constraints imposed on
them: not all tests could be completed; some of the artillery fire-control and
radar equipment was installed too late for testing; and the He 111 aircraft
supplied for antiaircraft firings were available for only 90 minutes. The
report nevertheless presented 117 observations and recommendations regarding
improvements to the battleship's weapon systems. Most of these involved fairly
minor alterations and changes, as would be expected with any new vessel, but
some revealed potentially serious problems of direct bearing to the <i>Bismarck</i>'s
combat readiness, shortcomings that may instead provide a postmortem on her
destruction.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="tx19"></a><a href="http://www.usni.org/navalhistory/articles01/nhmulligan.htm#ref19#ref19"><sup><span style="mso-ansi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">19</span></sup></a></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Problems
with the main battery turrets commanded immediate attention. Described as
"a fault of fundamental significance" by the AVKS, the main
ammunition hoists were susceptible to a weight distribution problem that
carried brass-cased main charges beyond their proper loading area. One such
occurrence in training led to the complete breakdown of a hoist for an extended
period. Moreover, the turrets' local control periscopes proved insufficiently
watertight, particularly in the forward turrets; in rough seas water penetrated
both the turret and the periscope itself, with the risk of serious damage to
the latter. It only need be noted that the <i>Bismarck</i> developed a bow list
shortly after receiving her first hit from the <i>Prince of Wales</i>' guns
during the morning engagement on 24 May, which increased the forward decks'
exposure to running seas and the likelihood of additional water damage. The
rapid silencing of the <i>Bismarck</i>'s forward turrets in the climactic
battle of 27 May perhaps reflects these weaknesses as much as the early damage
sustained by the main fire-control station.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="tx20"></a><a href="http://www.usni.org/navalhistory/articles01/nhmulligan.htm#ref20#ref20"><sup><span style="mso-ansi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">20</span></sup></a> </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Closely
related was a general ammunition problem, specifically with insecure armor caps
on the heavy and medium artillery shells. German shell designers allowed more
cushion space between the explosive filler and the armor cap than did their
Allied counterparts, with a consequent weakening of projectile integrity. The
AVKS, which apparently recognized this condition only in terms of the relative
looseness of the caps evident in loading drills, nevertheless considered
"a sweeping improvement" as necessary. During the naval engagement of
24 May, the <i>Prince of Wales</i> was struck by several German shells that did
not explode, duds that otherwise might have eliminated the newest British
battleship altogether.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="tx21"></a><a href="http://www.usni.org/navalhistory/articles01/nhmulligan.htm#ref21#ref21"><sup><span style="mso-ansi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">21</span></sup><span style="mso-ansi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></a></span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">The question of onboard antiaircraft artillery, however, represented
the greatest area of AVKS interest, amounting to nearly one-third (36 of 117)
of the specific recommendations or observations offered. The very first of
these criticized the location of the main flak control position in the crowded
foretop fire-control station, where up to 25 officers and men jammed in a confined
and exposed space attempted to coordinate flak guns on both sides of the ship.
AVKS instead proposed a significantly reduced post in the foretop and a
"flak operations center" below decks, next to the existing forward
antiaircraft plotting room, to provide more efficient, telephone-linked
coordination with flak batteries. Improvements also were required for the four
flak fire-control platforms (one on either side of the control tower, and two
midships aft), which housed the critical range, direction, and height finders
for the long-range flak batteries. Problems with internal motors had knocked
individual towers out of commission during training, in one case for two full
days. The batteries controlled by these towers consisted of sixteen 10.5-cm
guns in eight twin-mounted locations, four on either side of the
superstructure. The twin mounts, however, represented two different models, the
older C31 and the more advanced C37. AVKS "urgently desired" the
replacement of the older model with the new, but recommended as well changes in
the safety switches and other gunsight electrical components of the C37.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Particularly telling were the ordnance experts' assessments of
problems associated with the light flak guns, responsible for defending against
close-in attacking aircraft. Not linked to any central fire-control system, the
light flak consisted of four battery groupings, one for each of the ship's
quarters. Each grouping included two twin-mount 3.7-cm guns; the forward
groupings added one quadruple-mount and two single-mount 2-cm guns each, the
aft groupings added three single-mount 2-cm guns. AVKS first criticized as
"inadequate" the positioning of the 3.7-cm twin mounts in both
forward groupings, as their movement and fields of fire were partially restricted
by other parts of the superstructure. Second, they recommended the placement of
two additional 2-cm quadruple mounts on the forward searchlight platform
"to significantly improve an otherwise weak flak protection forward."
Even at this relatively early date, AVKS recognized the need for additional
light flak, proposing that new battleships accommodate multiple-mount
antiaircraft guns atop their main battery turrets. At the same time, the AVKS
found the existing means of supplying ammunition to the rapid-firing,
quadruple-mount 2-cm guns on board the <i>Bismarck</i> as "completely
inadequate," with improvements "urgently needed." </span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Finally, the AVKS pointed out that, at least during the trials and
training period, the battleship never had received an adequate supply of
antiaircraft technical manuals and diagrams: "Six months after the ship's
commissioning, the needed materials were for the most part still lacking."
The <i>Bismarck</i>'s flak crews simply had to get by with what they had when
departing on a mission from which so much would be demanded of them.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="tx22"></a><a href="http://www.usni.org/navalhistory/articles01/nhmulligan.htm#ref22#ref22"><sup><span style="color: red; mso-ansi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">22</span></sup></a></span><br />
<div class="head">
<br /></div>
<div class="head">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Conclusion</span></b></div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">The Naval
Ordnance Testing Command's recommendations were typed and distributed even as
the <i>Bismarck</i> met her destruction with more than 2,200 officers and men.
In due course her sister ship <i>Tirpitz</i> absorbed these and other lessons,
adding more advanced equipment and many more flak guns, but in the end these
improvements did not save her either. Given Allied technological and material
superiority—already evident in the <i>Bismarck</i> chase—it ultimately mattered
little whether Lütjens and Lindemann had eluded their pursuers in late May to
reach temporary safety in Brest. The ultimate fate of the <i>Bismarck</i> was
sealed by the stacked naval odds accepted by Nazi Germany in the pursuit of
limitless goals with limited means. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Yet the <i>Kriegsmarine</i>
owed its men the best possible chance to fight and survive. <i>Rheinübung</i>
in May 1941 involved major yet predictable risks not present in the sortie by
the <i>Scharnhorst</i> and <i>Gneisenau</i> during the winter: better weather
and longer daylight facilitated Allied aerial efforts; no other major German
warships were at sea to divide British forces; and the element of strategic
surprise had been lost. To compensate, the <i>Bismarck</i> and her crew
deserved every advantage of training, equipment, and weaponry available.
Instead, their training and sea trials were cut short because of weather and an
inflexible operational timetable, and the ship was committed to action before
technical and material shortcomings revealed during routine tests could be put
to paper, much less implemented. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">The Royal
Navy may have been equally guilty of committing the <i>Prince of Wales</i> to
action before she was ready, and nearly paid the same price. But the Admiralty
paired its newest battleship with the veteran <i>Hood</i> before sending her in
harm's way. Moreover, the <i>Prince of Wales</i> represented one of nine
British capital ships on Atlantic station at the start of Operation <i>Rheinübung</i>,
five of which participated in the <i>Bismarck</i> hunt. This total excludes
Royal Navy aircraft carriers, which played such a decisive role in the
operation. The British risk in using the <i>Prince of Wales</i> therefore
represented a relatively smaller stake than the German gamble. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">The <i>Bismarck</i>
remained a great and powerful ship, manned by fine and courageous men, an image
of strength that perhaps blinded German naval leaders as much as it did their
opponents. Had <i>Rheinübung</i> been converted into a simple feint into
Norwegian waters, it would have bought time to study and incorporate the
lessons missed in training, tested British reactions as a basis for future
planning, and facilitated the later use of both the <i>Bismarck</i> and <i>Tirpitz</i>,
perhaps in combination with the warships in Brest. In the end a perceived need
for action triumphed over sagacious planning. To the many variables of the <i>Bismarck</i>'s
odyssey, future students must address the question: what sense of desperation
drove Raeder and the <i>Seekriegsleitung</i> to hurl their newest battleship
into action before she was ready?</span><br />
<br />
<div class="bio">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Dr.
Mulligan is an archivist with the National Archives in College Park, Maryland.
His publications include <i>Neither Sharks Nor Wolves: The Men of Nazi
Germany's U-Boat Arm</i>, 1939-1945 (Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press,
1999).</span></div>
<br />
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="ref1"></a><span class="formnotes">Churchill War Cabinet Paper 116, 3 November 1939, quoted
in <i>The Churchill War Papers, Volume 1: At the Admiralty, September
1939-May 1940</i>, Martin Gilbert, ed. (New York: W. W. Norton, 1993), p.
328. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="ref2"></a><span style="color: black;">Robert E. Sherwood, <i>Roosevelt and Hopkins: An
Intimate History</i> (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1948), pp. 294-95. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="ref3"></a>Robert
J. Winklareth, <i>The </i>Bismarck<i> Chase: New Light on a Famous
Engagement</i> (Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1998), pp. 47,
60-61. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="ref4"></a>Kriegstagebuch
(KTB, war diary) of the <i>Bismarck</i> (reconstructed), 23-25 May 1941,
reproduced on National Archives microcopy T1022, Records of the German
Navy, 1850-1945, roll 2791, record item PG 47897; KTB <i>Prinz Eugen</i>,
23-25 May 1941, T1022/roll 2815/PG 43849. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="ref5"></a>See the
discussion in the most recent edition of Jochen Brennecke's authoritative <i>Schlachtschiff
Bismarck</i> (Hamburg: Koehler, 1997), pp. 233, 587n. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="ref6"></a>Oberbefehlshaber
der Kriegsmarine und Chef der Seekriegsleitung, "Weisung an
Gruppenbefehlshaber West, Flottenchef," 23 May 1940, published in
Michael Salewski, <i>Die deutsche Seekriegsleitung</i> 1935-1945, 3 vols.
(Frankfurt am Main: Bernhard & Graefe, 1970-73), vol. 1, pp. 522-24;
Salewski provides an excellent assessment of this directive (pp. 200-202),
as does former Admiral Rolf Güth, <i>Erich Raeder und die englische Frage.
Betrachtungen zur deutschen Marineführung 1928-1945</i> (privately
published, 1995), pp. 100-103. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="ref7"></a>Biographical
data in Walter Lohmann and Hans H. Hildebrand, <i>Die Deutsche
Kriegsmarine, 1939-1945: Gliederung, Einsatz, Stellenbesetzung, 3 vols.</i>
(Bad Nauheim: Podzun Verlag, 1956-64), pp. 111, 291-292, 202, 209, 263,
334. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="ref8"></a>KTB <i>Bismarck</i>,
28 April 1941, T1022/roll 2791/PG 47897. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="ref9"></a>KTB <i>Bismarck</i>,
28 April 1941, T1022/roll 2791/PG 47897, entries for 24 January-28
February 1941. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="ref10"></a>Siegfried
Breyer and Gerhard Koop, <i>Schlachtschiff Bismarck. Eine
Technikgeschichtliche Dokumentation</i> (Augsburg: Bechtermunz Verlag,
1997), p. 55. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="ref11"></a>The
best collection of these evaluation reports are reproduced as appendices
to the KTB of the <i>Gneisenau</i> for 15 February-22 March 1941,
T1022/roll 2996/PG 47977. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="ref12"></a>See KTB
Flottenchef, 23 March-15 May 1941, T1022/roll 4246/PG 34679. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="ref13"></a>KTB
1/Seekriegsleitung (1/Skl), 8 February 1941 (S. 97), T1022/roll 1665/PG
32038; Skl an Gruppe Nord, "Gemeinsame Übung ÔBismarck' und ÔPrinz
Eugen,'" 8 February 1941, in 1/Skl KTB Teil C, Heft Ilb 1941,
"Westraum-Atlantikktiste Flottenoperationen," T1022/roll 1720/PG
32163. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="ref14"></a>KTB
Flottenchef, 12 March 1941, T1022/roll 2323/PG 34678. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="ref15"></a>Lütjens'
marvelously detailed war diary throughout Operation Berlin is reproduced
as KTB Flottenchef, 27-31 December 1940, T1022/roll 3961/PG 34676, 1
January-22 March 1941, T1022/roll 2323/PG 346778-678. Except for Gerhard
Bidlingmaier's<i> Einsatz der Schweren Kriegsmarineeinheiten im
Ozeanischen Zufuhrkrieg</i> (Neckargemund: Scharnhorst Buchkameradenschaft,
1962), and Graham Rhys-Jones's <i>The Loss of the </i>Bismarck<i>: An
Avoidable Disaster</i> (Annapolis, MD: 1999), histories of the <i>Bismarck</i>
operation overlook the relationship between Operation Berlin and <i>Rheinübung</i>.
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="ref16"></a>KTB <i>Bismarck</i>,
18-31 March 1941. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="ref17"></a>1/Skl
I op 410/41 Gkdos, "Weisung für weitere Unternehmungen von
Überwasserstreitkräften," 2 April 1941, in 1/Skl collection
"Bismarck-Operation Rheinübung," Band 1, Heft 1, T1022/roll
1783/PG 32552; KTB Flottenchef, 6-11 April 1941, T1022/roll 4246/PG 34679.
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="ref18"></a>KTB
Flottenchef, 15 April-15 May 1941, T1022/roll 4246/PG 34679; the account
of Lütjens' meeting with Raeder, "Am Sonnabend 26.4. Vortrag
Flottenchef bei Ob.d.M.," appears in the same Skl collection noted
above, T1022/roll 1783/PG 32552. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="ref19"></a>Artillerieversuchskommando
für Schiffe, "Schlussbericht: AVKS-Erprobungen auf Schlachtschiff
Bismarck," 31 May 1941, copy located as enclosure to Serial 1384,
Reports of the Naval Technical Mission to Europe, Office of Naval
Intelligence, Records of the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations,
Record Group 38, National ArchivesÑCollege Park (hereafter abbreviated
"AVKS-Schlussbericht"). <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="ref20"></a>"AVKS-Schlussbericht,"
pp. 19-20, 25. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="ref21"></a>"AVKS-Schlussbericht,"
p. 30; on German shells and those that did not explode on board the <i>Prince
of Wales</i>, see William H. Garzke and Robert 0. Dulin Jr., <i>Battleships:
Axis and Neutral Battleships in World War II</i> (Annapolis: Naval
Institute Press, 1985), pp. 299-300, and the same authors' <i>Battleships:
Allied Battleships in World War II</i> (Annapolis: Naval Institute Press,
1980), pp. 180-88. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="ref22"></a>"AVKS-Schlussbericht,"
pp. 55-89; illustrations of the different types of flak guns can be found in
Werner F. G. Stehr and Siegfried Breyer, <i>Leichte und mittlere
Artillerie auf deutsche Kriegsschiffen</i>, Sonderheft Bd. 18 in the
Marine-Arsenal series (Wolfersheim-Berstadt: Podzun-Pallas, 1999), pp.
3-5, 26-35. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<br />
<br />
<br />Mitch Williamsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14692138354674511017noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3460715245261839803.post-70419447417595892822015-06-16T12:26:00.000-07:002015-06-16T21:08:14.831-07:00Baltic Naval Actions<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhW1vuOk-QNUqQgZ-ijwlaU8m8dIYrAj9zIwvaonB_-DvPMtjTlHmOYtXte3mCvD8fKGwWVrkP-f561yKPnAgxD9RSWU-ugTwXu1K05TgfKJdk3iSjHdVTDGn4pd-BoXEE_tN7Mt8ui8Ew/s1600/V%25C3%25A4in%25C3%25A4m%25C3%25B6inen.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="268" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhW1vuOk-QNUqQgZ-ijwlaU8m8dIYrAj9zIwvaonB_-DvPMtjTlHmOYtXte3mCvD8fKGwWVrkP-f561yKPnAgxD9RSWU-ugTwXu1K05TgfKJdk3iSjHdVTDGn4pd-BoXEE_tN7Mt8ui8Ew/s400/V%25C3%25A4in%25C3%25A4m%25C3%25B6inen.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<i><b>Väinämöinen, sister ship to Ilmarinen</b></i></div>
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<br />
<span lang="EN-AU">Most of the naval action in the Baltic up until 1944 was
mainly concerned with the laying of defensive minefields by both the Germans
and the Finns in the eastern part of the Baltic Sea.
</span><br />
<span lang="EN-AU">For further information about the above my I recommend that
you try and get hold of the following book "German Destroyers of World War
Two", by M J Whitley. This gives invaluable information with regard to the
naval war in the Baltic that was carried out by German destroyers and torpedo
boats from 1941 - 1944. </span><br />
<br />
<span lang="EN-AU">Also, I can recommend the following for additional
information about operations in the Eastern Baltic, "German Coastal Forces
in World War II" and "German Cruisers of World War II", also by
M J Whitley. </span><br />
<br />
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<span lang="EN-AU">The minefields laid by the Germans and
Finns at the entrance of and across the Gulf of Finland
that Bob mentioned had the effect that for nearly three years the Soviet Baltic
Fleet was kept bottled up and made useless at its base of Kronstadt outside of Leningrad. A few Soviet
submarines were able to get through the minefields and anti-sub barriers to
attack German supply shipping to ports in Latvia and Estonia, but most of them
didn't make it back to port having been sunk by German anti-sub chasers. It
wasn't until the siege of Leningrad was lifted in early 1944 and Heeresgruppe
Nord had to withdraw to the Dvina line that light Soviet naval vessels could
venture out into the Baltic and try to intercept German convoys to Windau and
Libau in Latvia which they did with some success, though also suffering losses
in encounters with German Navy forces.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-AU">Many if not most of the supplies for
Heeresgruppe Nord at the Leningrad front (later Kurland pocket) were shipped by
sea to ports such as Reval, Libau and Windau. Most of these convoys got there
without being bothered by the Red Fleet except for attacks by the Red Air Force
which lost a lot of planes trying (those Kriegsmarine AA gunners were pretty
good).</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<span lang="EN-AU">As mentioned the large minefields limited (nearly stopped)
the actions of the great Red Baltic Fleet during 1941-44 period. Germans were
anyway pretty worried about the massive fleet (it was a big one indeed,
especially it's sub arm) and feared it could break to the Baltic when Leningrad was seriously
threatened. Germans intended to force soviet main fleet to the sea by heavy
bombing and destroy escaping vessels by their own task force (lead by just
commissioned Tirpiz with Prinz Eugen, Lutzow several other ships if I remember
right). German TF eventually set sail and cruised in northern Baltic - but the
Red Fleet did not, as the air attacks caused heavy damage to many soviet major
ships and crippled one battleship. Don't know if the soviets ever thought about
setting sail, though. Anyway, if only in paper, there was a possibility of a
major surface action in the Baltic. </span><br />
<br />
<span lang="EN-AU">Mines caused anyway huge damage to the Baltic fleet,
sinking several destroyers, damaging more destroyers and cruisers (as did
Finnish coastal defences during Winter War) and destroying a heap of subs and
light units. Also many German ones were victims, as well as the armoured
coastal battleship, Finnish flagship Ilmarinen. </span>Mitch Williamsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14692138354674511017noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3460715245261839803.post-72649627128012253302015-06-08T23:47:00.003-07:002015-06-08T23:47:46.628-07:00Seekriegsleitung (Skl)<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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Admiral Wilhelm Meisel<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
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Admiral Kurt Fricke<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>(13 Jun 1941-20 Feb 1943) </div>
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Konteradmiral Wilhelm Mössel<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
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<br />
<br />Mitch Williamsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14692138354674511017noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3460715245261839803.post-65570153231661403092015-06-08T23:46:00.000-07:002015-06-08T23:46:04.639-07:00Baltic Evacuation <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvHSs7CTW3D76dy7tbajm3wDTFy6MA6EoM8At95QJ7wALttYjR4OvKpbboJ4RyBTKdrFXye6fSYt9R2_wuoy8p0BYMP1JMzewQN8lw-QR4j71c-BfGAqEHRE6aZ7TZQhQT_2cacoums9w/s1600/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1985-0531-500%252C_Kurland%252C_Evakuierung_aus_Windau.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvHSs7CTW3D76dy7tbajm3wDTFy6MA6EoM8At95QJ7wALttYjR4OvKpbboJ4RyBTKdrFXye6fSYt9R2_wuoy8p0BYMP1JMzewQN8lw-QR4j71c-BfGAqEHRE6aZ7TZQhQT_2cacoums9w/s400/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1985-0531-500%252C_Kurland%252C_Evakuierung_aus_Windau.jpg" width="272" /></a></div>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Closing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
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<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
The Baltic provinces as a whole extended as a 'balcony'
along the coast, and they were segmented into progressively smaller fragments
whenever Russian columns drove north. Long before it was clear that escape by
sea remained the only resort for the majority of the Germans of the Baltic
lands.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The ordeal of the civilians almost invariably began with a
flight across the frozen countryside. In northernmost East Prussia the people
instinctively made for the temporary refuge of Konigsberg, or the Samland
peninsula beyond, which contained the hideously crowded camp at Peyse and the
little port of Pillau. In West Prussia and East Pomerania the civilians were
drawn to the major ports of Danzig and Gotenhafen, where the facilities for
shipment were much greater. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In between, another 450,000 civilians were cut off in the
area of the Heiligenbeil Cauldron and were forced to flee across the frozen
Frisches Haff to the Nehrung sandspit or Pillau. The ice held until the end of
February, and the Wehrmacht marked the passages to Pillau, Narmeln and
Strauchbucht with poles and lamps, but the crossing remained a dangerous and
harrowing business. One of the women recalls how </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">the ice was breaking
up, and in places we had to make our way through water twenty-five centimetres
deep. We constantly sounded the depth of the water in front of us with sticks,
and the innumerable bomb holes compelled us to make detours. Frequently, we
slipped and gave ourselves up for lost. Our clothing was wet through and
through, and we could move only with difficulty. . . . Household effects were strewn
all over the ice. Wounded men dragged themselves towards us on sticks,
gesturing for help, and their comrades drew them the rest of the way on little
sledges. (Gaunitz, 1987, 51) </i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The Kriegsmarine pressed all available naval and merchant
shipping into service to take the refugees, combatants and wounded from the
principal ports of Libau (Kurland), Memel, Pillau and the Nehrung (East
Prussia), Danzig, Gotenhafen, Oxhoft and Hela (the Gau of Danzig-West Prussia)
and Stolpmiinde, Riigenwaldermunde, Kolberg, Swinemiinde, Stettin, Stralsund
and Sassnitz (East and West Pomerania). </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The total of civilians and troops saved by the Kriegsmarine came
to more than 2 million. Some of the ships made directly for the safety of
German-held Denmark and Schleswig-Holstein, but most of them acted as ferries,
carrying their human cargo to intermediate ports for later transhipment. Little
Hela was the main collection point for the troops and refugees in the Bight of
Danzig, and 387,000 souls were shipped from there in the course of April alone.
Likewise the Pomeranian ports received 851,735 soldiers and civilians from 15
January to 10 May, and forwarded 340,710 over the same period. The business was
managed by the two relevant commands of the Kriegsmarine:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
• Admiral of the East Baltic (Burchardi) who commanded the
waters of Kurland, East Prussia and the Bight of Danzig.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
• Admiral of the West Baltic (Lange, then from 31 March
Schubert), responsible for Pomerania and the Baltic further west.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Considering the numbers involved, the losses to enemy action
were very low, but a place on board ship was no absolute guarantee of safety.
There was little danger from the surface craft of the Red Banner Fleet, which
were deterred by the German minefields and the German superiority in destroyers,
cruisers and battleships. However, the large German passenger ships and
freighters were vulnerable, for their bulk made them easy marks for Soviet
aircraft and submarines, and adequate escorts could not always be provided. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDj2yYrrVmVSaWzRQcc1wFvUnVZ-bqGlJdRXDYYwqKN9H0uI6z3a3ENibn_LadimYNEAThud2iEmjrSK55zEqw-Q4L9V3dxzCQSYwgra9XOfO-oNhOVj-x6qK8RQGMrNXv9ufKwShXol8/s1600/ikappes_painting.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="217" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDj2yYrrVmVSaWzRQcc1wFvUnVZ-bqGlJdRXDYYwqKN9H0uI6z3a3ENibn_LadimYNEAThud2iEmjrSK55zEqw-Q4L9V3dxzCQSYwgra9XOfO-oNhOVj-x6qK8RQGMrNXv9ufKwShXol8/s400/ikappes_painting.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<i><b>Interpretation of the Gustloff's final moments by Irwin J. Kappes</b></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
On 30 January 1945 the Wilhelm Gustloff left Gotenhafen with
5,000 of the refugees who had been waiting in snowstorms on the quays. Shortly
after 2100, when the ship was twenty-five nautical miles off shore, she was
shaken by a dull blow. Second and third blows announced hits by two more
torpedoes, and the vessel listed to port. The crew lost control of the crazed
passengers, and only a few of the lifeboats made good their escape before the
interior partitions of the lower decks broke and the ship plunged to the
bottom. There were 937 survivors. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The reports of the sinking of the Wilhelm Gustloff terrified
the refugees still stranded on the Baltic shores, and there were yet further
horrors in store. The white-painted hospital ship General von Steuben was
torpedoed on the way from Pillau on 11-12 February. The vessel swam for only
twenty minutes, and although 630 of the refugees and crew were taken off, there
was nothing to be done for the 2,680 military wounded, all of whom drowned. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The greatest single loss of life in maritime history was
sustained in the sinking of the Goya, which steamed from Hela with every space,
including the companion-ways, jammed full. The Goya was a fast, modern
freighter, but she was torn apart by two torpedoes shortly after midnight on 16
April. A battle for personal survival broke out inside the ship, and for
possession of the life rafts, where the first-comers defended their places with
blows and kicks. Only 165 individuals were saved by the escorts and the light
craft, leaving about 7,000 refugees and soldiers to the Baltic on that cold
night.</div>
Mitch Williamsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14692138354674511017noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3460715245261839803.post-3069196780321800442015-06-08T23:39:00.000-07:002015-06-08T23:39:03.892-07:00Operation Hannibal <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjagUFSKHhdU82PPKpVRZaXCDh-XeMRK-NNrtw2yu5l8bFuPFigvAD8g7f6Otvi-ND-fWxcchqJ-83wvW4WcUGynIvXFoSuzzLcaKtVUokxeul8vwBz11l11wzY3r6-LYEn5GwjuGkO0R0/s1600/fdrsrfdvrfg.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="280" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjagUFSKHhdU82PPKpVRZaXCDh-XeMRK-NNrtw2yu5l8bFuPFigvAD8g7f6Otvi-ND-fWxcchqJ-83wvW4WcUGynIvXFoSuzzLcaKtVUokxeul8vwBz11l11wzY3r6-LYEn5GwjuGkO0R0/s400/fdrsrfdvrfg.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"></i></b>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
The Kriegsmarine made its last major surface effort in the
Baltic during the last months of the war. Dönitz concentrated all remaining
surface ships along the southern Baltic coast, covering retreat and evacuation
of cut off garrisons and civilian refugees. Evacuations totaling 1 million
troops and 1.5 million civilians were carried out under intense Soviet bombing
and submarine attacks, altogether forming the single largest maritime
evacuation in history. Soviet submarines caused three of the greatest maritime
disasters in history when they sank three German liners packed with troops and
refugees. Each sinking cost several times the peacetime casualties lost on the
far more famous civilian ships Titanic and Lusitania: over 9,000 died in the
frigid Baltic when the Wilhelm Gustloff was sunk by three torpedoes. There were
only 900 survivors. The Kriegsmarine continued to run the gauntlet to Courland
until the end of the war, supplying the shrinking pocket and removing wounded
and refugees. By the end of the Baltic campaign the Germans had lost 1 old
battleship, 7 U-boats, 12 destroyers, and nearly 200 smaller warships
(minelayers, minesweepers, and various landing craft).</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
#</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The joint operation by the Kriegsmarine and the merchant
navy to evacuate the Courland Pocket saw the following horrendous loss of life
at sea, Lloyd's of London accepts that the loss of “Wilhelm Gusloff and Goya
being the largest civilian casualties at sea:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
30-31 Jan 1945 Wilhelm Gusloff. 25,484 GRT some 6,000
killed, 900+ rescued </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
16-17 April 1945 Goya, 5,230 GRT, some 6,000 killed, approx
100+ rescued </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
9-10 Feb 1945 General Von Steuben, 14,660 GRT, 3,000 killed,
300 rescued </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
11 April 1945 Moltkefels 7,862 GRT, and Posen 1,062 GRT,
both either torpedoed or mined simultaneously within yards of each other -
3,500 rescued, and 1,000 plus killed.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Please note various sources put loss of life higher.</i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Whilst the majority of those killed in the vessels above
were civilians, there were also military personnel on those vessels.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Many other vessels were sunk by aircraft,
submarines, mines and motor torpedo boats, including plainly marked and
illuminated as per convention, hospital ships.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The evacuation from the Courland Pocket between January and
8 May 1945, was the greatest evacuation ever.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Some 20,000 civilians were killed in the sea evacuation alone, in the
land evacuation various sources give some 18 percent of those attempting escape
died (approx some two million reached Germany).</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Over this period some 800 ships evacuated civilians from
Germany's eastern provinces to Germany or Denmark: Danzig/Gotenhafen/Hela
1,047,000 Konigsberg/Pillau 451,000 Kolberg 70,000</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The exact number may never be determined due to the chaos at
the time, for instance from Libau there were 75,000 wounded and 25,000 combat soldiers
evacuated, but even though there were large numbers of civilians - no figures
of civilian evacuee's<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kept.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Large numbers of civilians (and military)
were also evacuated from the many minor ports/fishing villages along the coast;
also figures of persons landed in Finland and Sweden were not kept.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
During the same period some 548,000 plus, wounded and combat
military personnel were evacuated by sea to Germany/Denmark.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>At least a further 27,000 military were
evacuated by air from the Courland Pocket.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Sources give varying numbers of those evacuated and killed
during this time of great chaos.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>What is
certain however it was the Kriegsmarine's most successful campaign - saving
life!</div>
Mitch Williamsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14692138354674511017noreply@blogger.com1